{"id":4765,"date":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4765"},"modified":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","slug":"preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"Prevenci\u00f3n de CAF en PCB: Causas y soluciones"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Panorama reciente del problema de las fugas de PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Recientemente nos hemos enfrentado a un problema de fugas en la placa de circuito impreso. El producto es de bajo consumo. Todo el dispositivo consume normalmente una corriente de nivel de microamperios (\u00b5A). Tras un tiempo de envejecimiento a temperatura normal, observamos que su consumo de energ\u00eda aumentaba. Algunas muestras alcanzaron incluso el nivel de miliamperios (mA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Descartamos cuidadosamente los fallos de los componentes. Al final encontramos un nodo de 5 V. Cuando el producto estaba en reposo, este nodo deber\u00eda ser de 0 V, pero ten\u00eda una ca\u00edda de 1,8 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cortamos cuidadosamente las trazas de la PCB. Para nuestra sorpresa, se pod\u00edan medir dos v\u00edas que no ten\u00edan conexi\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica en la placa de circuito impreso y mostraban una resistencia de varios cientos de ohmios entre ellas. Comprobamos los archivos de dise\u00f1o. Se trata de una placa de dos capas. Espaciado entre v\u00edas y entre pads > 6 mil. Espaciado entre orificios y paredes > 18 mil. Este dise\u00f1o es normal para el taladrado est\u00e1ndar en la industria de las placas de circuito impreso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Retiramos la m\u00e1scara de soldadura para descartar contaminaci\u00f3n conductiva en la m\u00e1scara o en la superficie de la v\u00eda. La resistencia medida entre las v\u00edas segu\u00eda existiendo. Durante un tiempo no pudimos explicarlo. Entonces descubrimos que la fuga estaba causada por el \u201cefecto CAF\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Qu\u00e9 es el CAF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CAF significa Filamentaci\u00f3n An\u00f3dica Conductiva. Se trata de un comportamiento de fuga dentro de un circuito impreso en el que los iones de cobre se desplazan desde el \u00e1nodo (tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1s alta) a lo largo de canales de microfisuras entre fibras de vidrio hacia el c\u00e1todo (tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1s baja). Durante este proceso, el cobre y las sales de cobre provocan fugas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En la imagen, tras esmerilar longitudinalmente dos v\u00edas adyacentes y observarlas con un microscopio electr\u00f3nico a 100\u00d7, el laminado parece oscuro. Las zonas doradas brillantes son de cobre. Se pueden ver manchas de cobre y filamentos de cobre entre las dos v\u00edas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"CAF\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. C\u00f3mo se forma el CAF (mecanismo)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Normal fr4 Laminado PCB<\/a> se fabrica tejiendo fibras de vidrio en forma de tela, moj\u00e1ndolas despu\u00e9s con resina epoxi y semicur\u00e1ndolas. Si la adherencia entre la resina y la fibra de vidrio es deficiente, o la resina no moja completamente el vidrio, pueden aparecer huecos entre ellas. Durante el procesamiento mec\u00e1nico, como el taladrado, la tracci\u00f3n tangencial y el choque axial pueden da\u00f1ar a\u00fan m\u00e1s la uni\u00f3n de la resina. Esto puede aflojar o separar los haces de fibras y crear huecos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuando el ambiente es c\u00e1lido y h\u00famedo, la adherencia entre el epoxi y la fibra de vidrio se degrada m\u00e1s. Los agentes de acoplamiento de silano en la superficie de la fibra de vidrio pueden hidrolizarse. Esto crea caminos a lo largo del refuerzo de fibra de vidrio que permiten la migraci\u00f3n de electrones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En estas condiciones, si dos v\u00edas cercanas tienen una diferencia de potencial, el cobre del \u00e1nodo de mayor tensi\u00f3n puede oxidarse y convertirse en iones de cobre. Bajo el campo el\u00e9ctrico, los iones de cobre se desplazan hacia el c\u00e1todo de menor tensi\u00f3n. Durante la migraci\u00f3n, se combinan con iones de impureza en el laminado o con OH- para formar sales conductoras insolubles, que se depositan. Como resultado, la separaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica entre las dos v\u00edas aislantes disminuye bruscamente. En casos graves, pueden incluso formar una v\u00eda conductora directa y provocar un cortocircuito.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reacciones en el \u00e1nodo y el c\u00e1todo (seg\u00fan lo observado):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1nodo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u2082O \u2192 H\u207a + OH-.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1todo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 H\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 H\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH- \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CuO + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CuO + H\u2082O \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH-.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 Cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Notas de nuestra experiencia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Antes de saber que la causa era CAF, est\u00e1bamos desconcertados por la resistencia entre dos v\u00edas aisladas. Tras buscar en la bibliograf\u00eda, descubrimos que muchos compa\u00f1eros hab\u00edan sufrido el mismo problema. El CAF se ha convertido en un notable problema de fiabilidad en la industria de las placas de circuito impreso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. C\u00f3mo prevenir o reducir el CAF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mejorar la resistencia del laminado a CAF. Para el proceso de sustrato de PCB, aumentar la pureza i\u00f3nica del material. Utilizar resinas de baja absorci\u00f3n de humedad. Aseg\u00farese de que la tela de vidrio est\u00e9 totalmente humedecida por la resina y se adhiera bien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tenga cuidado con los procesos de taladrado o l\u00e1ser. La perforaci\u00f3n o el l\u00e1ser pueden producir un elevado calor local. Si la temperatura supera la Tg de la placa, la resina puede fundirse y formar residuos. Los residuos en las paredes de los orificios pueden provocar un mal contacto durante el metalizado. Por lo tanto, elimine los residuos antes del metalizado. Nota: el remojo durante la eliminaci\u00f3n de residuos puede erosionar los orificios pasantes y provocar contaminaci\u00f3n por cobre, lo que puede facilitar la posterior migraci\u00f3n del cobre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aumentar la distancia entre v\u00edas en Dise\u00f1o de PCB<\/a>. Adem\u00e1s, los canales CAF suelen seguir el mismo haz de fibra de vidrio. Escalonar o desplazar las v\u00edas vecinas ayuda a reducir el riesgo de CAF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limpie las superficies de los PCBA. Por ejemplo, utilice una pistola de aire a alta presi\u00f3n para eliminar el polvo y evitar residuos de impurezas que podr\u00edan provocar una electroqu\u00edmica no deseada. Aplique un revestimiento de conformaci\u00f3n a la superficie del PCBA para evitar la entrada de humedad, especialmente en entornos c\u00e1lidos y h\u00famedos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Recent PCB Leakage Issue Overview We recently faced a PCB leakage issue. The product is low-power. The whole device 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