{"id":2145,"date":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2145"},"modified":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","slug":"rf-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"RF PCB:n suunnittelus\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t: Materiaalista asetteluun"},"content":{"rendered":"
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RF PCB on er\u00e4\u00e4nlainen painettu piirilevy (PCB), joka on valmistettu radiotaajuussignaalien kuljettamiseen ja k\u00e4sittelyyn. N\u00e4m\u00e4 signaalit ovat korkeataajuisia. Niiden taajuus on yleens\u00e4 v\u00e4hint\u00e4\u00e4n 300 kHz ja enint\u00e4\u00e4n 300 GHz.<\/p>

\"RF<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Radiotaajuus eli RF on nimitys s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisten aaltojen ryhm\u00e4lle. Ihmiset k\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4t t\u00e4t\u00e4 nime\u00e4, kun aallot voivat toimia radioviestinn\u00e4ss\u00e4. RF:n taajuusalue ei ole aina sama eri kirjoissa. Joissakin kirjoissa sanotaan, ett\u00e4 RF on 30 MHz:st\u00e4 3 GHz:iin. Joissakin kirjoissa sanotaan, ett\u00e4 se on 300 MHz:st\u00e4 40 GHz:iin. N\u00e4m\u00e4 taajuusalueet voivat olla p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isi\u00e4 mikroaaltoalueeksi kutsutun taajuusalueen kanssa. Joissakin muissa kirjoissa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n eri tapaa jakaa spektri. Niiss\u00e4 sanotaan, ett\u00e4 aallot, joiden aallonpituus on 1 megametri - 1 metri, kuuluvat yhteen ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n. N\u00e4in saadaan taajuudet 30 Hz:st\u00e4 300 MHz:iin. RF:n ja mikroaaltojen v\u00e4linen raja ei ole kovin selv\u00e4. Raja voi muuttua, kun osat ja suunnittelumenetelm\u00e4t paranevat.<\/p>

RF PCB ja sen t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t ominaisuudet<\/h1>

Kun suunnittelemme piirilevyn RF-k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n, meid\u00e4n on mietitt\u00e4v\u00e4, miten siirtolinjat k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyv\u00e4t. Piirilevyn johdin tai j\u00e4lki voidaan mallintaa kahdella tavalla. Yksi on lumped element -malli. Toinen on hajautetun parametrin malli. Yleinen s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6 on t\u00e4m\u00e4. Jos geometrinen pituus l jaettuna aallonpituudella \u03bb on yht\u00e4 suuri tai suurempi kuin 0,05, k\u00e4yt\u00e4mme hajautettua mallia. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 huomautuksessa RF-linkill\u00e4 tarkoitetaan piiri\u00e4, jossa siirtojohto tarvitsee hajautettua mallia. K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ss\u00e4 piirilevyn j\u00e4ljen pituus on harvoin yli 50 cm. Voimme siis aloittaa analogisista signaaleista 30 MHz:n taajuudella. Yli 3 GHz:n signaaleja kutsutaan usein mikroaaltosignaaleiksi. Tuotantorajojen vuoksi, joissa elementtiv\u00e4li voi olla 0,5 mm, ihmiset asettavat joskus yl\u00e4taajuudeksi 30 GHz. Se ei kuitenkaan ole aina hy\u00f6dyllist\u00e4.<\/p>

N\u00e4ist\u00e4 kohdista voimme sanoa, ett\u00e4 RF PCB on PCB analogisille signaaleille, joiden taajuus on noin 30 MHz - 6 GHz. Valinta lumped- tai hajautetun mallin v\u00e4lill\u00e4 tulisi noudattaa edell\u00e4 olevaa kaavaa ja ty\u00f6taajuutta.<\/p>

Koska substraatin dielektrisyysvakio on yleens\u00e4 korkea, aallot liikkuvat levyss\u00e4 hitaammin kuin ilmassa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tekee aallonpituudesta lyhyemm\u00e4n laudalla. Mikroliuska- ja muiden linjojen osalta substraatin dielektrisen h\u00e4vi\u00f6n on oltava alhainen. Dielektrisyysvakion ei pit\u00e4isi muuttua paljon tarvittavalla taajuus- ja l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila-alueella. Alustan l\u00e4mm\u00f6njohtavuuden on oltava hyv\u00e4 ja pinnan sile\u00e4. Sen on pysytt\u00e4v\u00e4 hyvin kiinni johtimessa.<\/p>

J\u00e4ljell\u00e4 olevalle metallille tarvitaan korkea johtavuus. Metallilla on oltava pieni l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilakerroin. Sen pit\u00e4isi tarttua hyvin alustaan. Sen pit\u00e4isi olla helppo juottaa.<\/p>

RF-levymateriaalin valinnan periaatteet<\/h1>

Substraatin rooli mikroaaltopiireiss\u00e4 PCB:ss\u00e4<\/h2>

Mikroaaltotaajuuspiirilevy ei ole vain komponenttien tuki. Se on my\u00f6s mikroaaltojen s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisten kenttien v\u00e4liaine. Niinp\u00e4 RF-piirej\u00e4 varten paras valinta on suurtaajuus- tai mikroaaltoluokan substraatti.<\/p>

J\u00e4lki-impedanssin s\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6<\/h2>

RF-piirilevyll\u00e4 painettujen j\u00e4lkien on noudatettava tavanomaisia s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4, kuten virran kapasiteettia. Lis\u00e4ksi meid\u00e4n on valvottava j\u00e4ljen ominaisimpedanssia. J\u00e4lkien impedanssi on sovitettava. Piirilevyprosessissa on siis hallittava j\u00e4lkiimpedanssi. J\u00e4ljen ominaisimpedanssi riippuu piirilevymateriaalista ja sen fyysisist\u00e4 parametreista. Piirilevysuunnittelijoiden on siis tunnettava materiaalin suorituskyky.<\/p>

RF-levyjen materiaalivaatimukset<\/h2>

RF-levyt tarvitsevat yleens\u00e4 korkeataajuus- ja suorituskyky\u00e4. Ihmiset valitsevat substraatin, jolla on tarkka dielektrisyysvakio. Alustan on oltava vakaa ja sill\u00e4 on oltava alhainen h\u00e4vi\u00f6. Materiaalin on my\u00f6s toimittava tuotannon kanssa. Sen on esimerkiksi kestett\u00e4v\u00e4 korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan reflow-juottamista. Yrityksemme k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 usein fr4:\u00e4\u00e4, TACONICia ja ROGERSin materiaaleja RF-alusmateriaalina.<\/p>

FR-4 ominaisuudet<\/h2>

fr4:n (liekinkest\u00e4v\u00e4 kuparilla p\u00e4\u00e4llystetty epoksilasikangas) dielektrisyysvakio Er on 1 GHz:n taajuudella testattuna Er = 4,3 \u00b1 0,2. Lasittumisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tila Tg on 135 \u00b0C. Tavallisissa levyiss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kahdenlaisia levyj\u00e4. Toinen on standardilevymateriaali. Se on edullinen ja sill\u00e4 on kyps\u00e4 prosessi. Toinen on UV-levy, jota kutsutaan usein keltaiseksi levyksi. Siin\u00e4 on UV-BLOCKING-ominaisuus, joka est\u00e4\u00e4 ultraviolettis\u00e4teily\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4mme sit\u00e4 uloimpiin kerroksiin. Sen suorituskyky on hieman parempi kuin tavallisen levyn.<\/p>

\"fr-4\"
fr-4<\/figcaption><\/figure>

TACONIC-materiaali<\/h2>

TACONIC<\/a> on tunnettu tuotemerkki. Sill\u00e4 on monia ominaisuuksia. Sen hinta on korkeampi kuin fr4.<\/p>

ROGERS-materiaali<\/h2>

ROGERS-materiaalilla on korkea dielektrisyysvakion tarkkuus. Se on vakaa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan suhteen ja sill\u00e4 on alhainen h\u00e4vi\u00f6. K\u00e4yt\u00e4mme sit\u00e4 suuritehoisissa piireiss\u00e4. Piirilevyjen valmistus ja prosessi on samanlainen kuin fr4, joten valmistuskustannukset ovat alhaiset. Kuparifolion tarttuvuus on kuitenkin heikko.<\/p>

Substraattitaulukko<\/h1>
Materiaalin tyyppi<\/th>Tyypillinen materiaali<\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\/th>Ominaisuudet ja k\u00e4ytt\u00f6<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Fluoripolymeerialusta<\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluorieteeni)<\/td>2.1-2.3<\/td>0.0005-0.001<\/td>Eritt\u00e4in pieni h\u00e4vikki. Hyv\u00e4 mmWave-taajuuksille. K\u00e4ytt\u00f6 5G-tukiasemissa ja tutkissa.<\/td><\/tr>
Keraamisesti t\u00e4ytetty substraatti<\/td>Rogers RO4000-sarja<\/td>3.38-4.5<\/td>0.0027-0.004<\/td>Keskim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4iset kustannukset. Hyv\u00e4 mikroaaltouunille. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 WiFi- ja Bluetooth-moduuleja.<\/td><\/tr>
Lasikuituinen substraatti<\/td>Korkean taajuuden fr4 (kuten Isola FR408)<\/td>3.9-4.2<\/td>0.008-0.01<\/td>Alhaiset kustannukset. Hyv\u00e4 keski- ja matala RF. K\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n radiopuhelimissa ja vastaavissa.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>

RF-kysymykset PCB-suunnittelussa ja ratkaisut<\/h1>

Yleisesti ottaen piirien, joiden taajuus on alle mikroaaltotaajuuden (t\u00e4m\u00e4 sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 matalataajuiset ja hidasnopeuksiset digitaaliset piirit), huolellinen asettelu on ensimm\u00e4inen avain menestykseen. Jos tunnet s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t, voit tehd\u00e4 hyv\u00e4n suunnittelun. Mikroliuska- ja nopeiden digitaalisten piirien osalta piirilevytasolla voidaan tarvita kaksi tai kolme piirilevyversiota piirin laadun varmistamiseksi. RF-piireiss\u00e4, joiden taajuus on yli mikroaaltotaajuus, tarvitset useampia versioita suorituskyvyn parantamiseksi. Joten kohtaat monia haasteita RF-piirien suunnittelun aikana.<\/p>

Seuraavassa luetellaan yleisi\u00e4 ongelmia ja ratkaisuja.<\/p>

Yleiset ongelmat RF-piirien suunnittelussa<\/h2>

  1. Digitaalisten ja analogisten moduulien v\u00e4liset h\u00e4iri\u00f6t<\/b>
    Kun analogiset RF-osat ja digitaaliset osat toimivat yksin\u00e4\u00e4n, kumpikin voi toimia hyvin. Mutta kun ne sekoittuvat samalle piirilevylle ja jakavat virran, koko j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4 voi muuttua ep\u00e4vakaaksi. Digitaaliset signaalit vaihtelevat maan ja Vcc:n v\u00e4lill\u00e4 yli 3 V. Jakso voi olla lyhyt, nanosekuntien luokkaa. Koska amplitudi on suuri ja kytkent\u00e4 on nopea, digitaaliset signaalit sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t korkeataajuisia komponentteja, jotka eiv\u00e4t riipu kytkent\u00e4kellosta. Analogisessa osassa, viritetyst\u00e4 radiosilmukasta vastaanottimeen, j\u00e4nnite voi olla alle 1 \u03bcV. Pienen RF-signaalin ja digitaalisen kohinan v\u00e4linen ero voi olla yli 120 dB. Jos digitaalisia signaaleja ei pidet\u00e4 erill\u00e4\u00e4n RF-signaalista, heikko RF-signaali voi vahingoittua. Radio voi lakata toimimasta tai toimia huonosti.<\/p><\/li>

  2. Virtal\u00e4hteen h\u00e4iri\u00f6t<\/b>
    RF-piirit ovat herkki\u00e4 kohinalle. Ne ovat herkki\u00e4 piikeille ja muille korkeataajuisille harmonisille h\u00e4iri\u00f6ille. Mikrokontrolleri vet\u00e4\u00e4 yht\u00e4kki\u00e4 paljon virtaa jokaisella sis\u00e4isell\u00e4 kellojaksolla. Useimmissa nykyaikaisissa mikrokontrollereissa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n CMOS-j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4. Jos mikrokontrolleri toimii 1 MHz:n sis\u00e4isell\u00e4 kellotaajuudella, se ottaa virtaa t\u00e4ll\u00e4 taajuudella. Jos meill\u00e4 ei ole hyv\u00e4\u00e4 virran irrotusta, saamme j\u00e4nnitekohinaa virtajohtoihin. Jos j\u00e4nnitepiikkej\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4see RF-virtapinneihin, RF-lohko voi pett\u00e4\u00e4.<\/p><\/li>

  3. Huono maasuunnittelu<\/b>
    Jos maadoitusta ei ole suunniteltu hyvin RF:lle, voi synty\u00e4 outoja tuloksia. Digitaalisessa suunnittelussa useimmat piirit toimivat, vaikka maadoitus ei olisikaan t\u00e4ydellinen. Mutta RF:ss\u00e4 lyhyetkin maadoitusjohdot toimivat induktoreiden tavoin. Esimerkiksi 1 nH:n induktanssi on l\u00e4hes 1 mm pitk\u00e4. T\u00e4st\u00e4 voidaan p\u00e4\u00e4tell\u00e4, ett\u00e4 10 mm:n pituisella piirilevyn johtimella on reaktanssi noin 27 ohmia. Jos meill\u00e4 ei ole hyv\u00e4\u00e4 maadoitusta, monet maadoitusj\u00e4ljet ovat pitki\u00e4, eik\u00e4 piiri pid\u00e4 suunniteltuja ominaisuuksiaan.<\/p><\/li>

  4. Antennin s\u00e4teily h\u00e4iritsee muita analogisia piirej\u00e4.<\/b>
    Piirilevyn asettelussa on muita analogisia osia. Monissa piirilevyiss\u00e4 on ADC- tai DAC-piirej\u00e4. L\u00e4hettimest\u00e4 tuleva voimakas RF-signaali voi saavuttaa ADC:n tulon. Mik\u00e4 tahansa j\u00e4lki voi toimia antennina. Jos ADC:n sis\u00e4\u00e4ntulossa ei ole hyv\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4sittely\u00e4, RF voi menn\u00e4 sen ESD-diodiin ja aiheuttaa ADC-offsetia tai virheit\u00e4.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    RF-piirien suunnittelun periaatteet ja ratkaisut<\/h2>

    1. RF-asettelun m\u00e4\u00e4ritelm\u00e4<\/h3>

    Kun suunnittelet RF-asettelua, noudata seuraavia s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4.<\/p>

    1. Pid\u00e4 suuritehovahvistimet (HPA) ja pienikohinavahvistimet (LNA) mahdollisimman kaukana toisistaan. Laita suuritehoiset l\u00e4hetysosat kauas pienitehoisista vastaanottoosista.<\/p><\/li>

    2. Piirilevyn korkeataajuusalueilla on oltava v\u00e4hint\u00e4\u00e4n yksi t\u00e4ysi maataso alla ja v\u00e4ltett\u00e4v\u00e4 l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4. Mit\u00e4 suurempi kuparipinta-ala, sit\u00e4 parempi.<\/p><\/li>

    3. Piirin ja virran erottaminen ovat yht\u00e4 t\u00e4rkeit\u00e4.<\/p><\/li>

    4. Sijoita RF-ulostulot et\u00e4\u00e4lle RF-tuloista.<\/p><\/li>

    5. Laita herk\u00e4t analogiset signaalit kauas nopeista digitaalisista ja RF-signaaleista.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      \"Definition<\/p>

      2. Fyysisen ja s\u00e4hk\u00f6isen v\u00e4lisein\u00e4n suunnittelus\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t<\/h3>

      Osio tarkoittaa hallituksen jakamista toimintojen mukaan. Voit tehd\u00e4 fyysisen ja s\u00e4hk\u00f6isen osion. Fyysinen osio k\u00e4sittelee osien asettelua, suuntaa ja suojuksia. S\u00e4hk\u00f6inen osio k\u00e4sittelee virranjakelua, RF-reitityst\u00e4, herkki\u00e4 osia, signaaleja ja maadoitusalueita.<\/p>

      \"RF<\/p>

      a. Fysikaalisen osituksen periaatteet<\/h4>

      Osien asettelu on avainasemassa hyv\u00e4ss\u00e4 RF-suunnittelussa. Hyv\u00e4 menetelm\u00e4 on sijoittaa osat ensin RF-reitin varrelle. Aseta sitten niiden suunta. Sijoita sis\u00e4\u00e4ntulot poisp\u00e4in ulostuloista. Pid\u00e4 suuritehoiset ja pienitehoiset osat erill\u00e4\u00e4n toisistaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 auttaa lyhent\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n RF-reittej\u00e4.<\/p>

      b. PCB:n pinoamisen suunnitteluperiaate<\/h4>

      Hyv\u00e4ss\u00e4 pinoamisessa t\u00e4rkein maataso on j\u00e4ljityskerroksen alapuolella olevalla kerroksella. Laita RF-johdot tasokerrokseen. Tee RF-polkujen l\u00e4pivienneist\u00e4 pieni\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 polkujen induktanssia ja v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 kylmi\u00e4 juotosliitoksia p\u00e4\u00e4maadoituksessa. My\u00f6s RF-energiaa vuotaa v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n muihin kerroksiin.<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      c. RF-osat ja RF-j\u00e4ljitysperiaatteet<\/h4>

      Levytilassa lineaariset piirit, kuten monivaihevahvistimet, voivat erottaa RF-alueet toisistaan. Duplekserit, sekoittimet ja IF-vahvistimet saavat kuitenkin usein monet RF- ja IF-signaalit n\u00e4kym\u00e4\u00e4n l\u00e4hell\u00e4 toisiaan. Sinun on huolehdittava t\u00e4m\u00e4n kytkenn\u00e4n pienent\u00e4misest\u00e4. Reitit\u00e4 RF- ja IF-johdot huolellisesti ja j\u00e4t\u00e4 niiden v\u00e4liin maav\u00e4li\u00e4. Oikea RF-reitti on elint\u00e4rke\u00e4 piirilevyn suorituskyvyn kannalta. Siksi osan asettelu vie suurimman osan ajasta puhelimen piirilevysuunnittelussa.<\/p>

      d. S\u00e4hk\u00f6isen osastoinnin periaate<\/h4>

      Suurin osa puhelinpiirien tehosta on matalaa tasavirtaa, joten et tarvitse erityisen leveit\u00e4 j\u00e4lki\u00e4. Mutta suuritehoisten vahvistimien tehoa varten on teht\u00e4v\u00e4 leve\u00e4t j\u00e4ljet suurta virtaa varten. T\u00e4m\u00e4 pit\u00e4\u00e4 j\u00e4nniteh\u00e4vi\u00f6n pienen\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 monia l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 virran siirt\u00e4miseksi tasolta toiselle, jotta v\u00e4lt\u00e4t virtah\u00e4vi\u00f6t.<\/p>

      Teho-osien tehon irrottaminen on t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4. Jos et onnistu irrottamaan tehoa suuritehoisen vahvistimen nastassa, voi ilmet\u00e4 monia ongelmia. Suuritehoinen kohina voi s\u00e4teill\u00e4 koko levyn l\u00e4pi. Suuritehoisten vahvistimien maadoitus on eritt\u00e4in t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4. Suunnittelijat tarvitsevat usein metallisen suojapurkin.<\/p>

      e. RF-tulon\/l\u00e4ht\u00f6eristyksen periaate<\/h4>

      On eritt\u00e4in t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4 pit\u00e4\u00e4 RF-l\u00e4ht\u00f6 kaukana RF-tulosta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 koskee vahvistimia, puskureita ja suodattimia. Pahimmassa tapauksessa, jos vahvistimen tai puskurin ulostulo palaa tuloonsa oikean vaiheen ja amplitudin kanssa, osa voi menn\u00e4 itsev\u00e4r\u00e4htelyyn. Hyv\u00e4ss\u00e4 tapauksessa piiri on vakaa kaikissa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tiloissa ja j\u00e4nnitteiss\u00e4. Huonossa tapauksessa se lis\u00e4\u00e4 kohinaa ja intermodulaatiota RF-signaaliin.<\/p>

      Yhteenveto<\/h1>

      Lyhyesti sanottuna RF-piirit toimivat hajautetuilla parametrilinjoilla. Niiss\u00e4 esiintyy ihovaikutusta ja kytkent\u00e4\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4n vuoksi ne eroavat matalataajuus- ja tasavirtapiireist\u00e4. Joten RF-piirilevysuunnittelussa on keskitytt\u00e4v\u00e4 edell\u00e4 mainittuihin kohtiin. Jos teet niin, suunnittelu on tehokasta ja tarkkaa.<\/p>

      1. Pid\u00e4 j\u00e4ljet mahdollisuuksien mukaan lyhyin\u00e4. Lyhyet j\u00e4ljet v\u00e4hent\u00e4v\u00e4t h\u00e4vi\u00f6it\u00e4 ja ei-toivottua reaktanssia.<\/p><\/li>

      2. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 oikeaa substraattia tarvittavaa taajuutta varten. fr4 on hyv\u00e4 monissa tapauksissa. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 Rogersia tai PTFE:t\u00e4 pieniin h\u00e4vi\u00f6ihin korkeilla taajuuksilla.<\/p><\/li>

      3. J\u00e4lkien impedanssin s\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 oikeaa leveytt\u00e4 ja v\u00e4li\u00e4 sek\u00e4 oikeaa pinoamista. Mittaa tai laske ty\u00f6kalujen avulla.<\/p><\/li>

      4. Pid\u00e4 digitaaliset ja RF-osat erill\u00e4\u00e4n. Anna jokaiselle osalle oma maadoituspalautus. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 irrotusta virtanastoissa l\u00e4hell\u00e4 osaa.<\/p><\/li>

      5. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 maadoitustasoja ja pieni\u00e4 l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 RF-palautusta varten. T\u00e4m\u00e4 pienent\u00e4\u00e4 induktanssia.<\/p><\/li>

      6. Aseta suodattimet ja suojaukset herkkien osien l\u00e4heisyyteen. T\u00e4m\u00e4 v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 ei-toivottua poimintakyky\u00e4.<\/p><\/li>

      7. Testaa prototyypeill\u00e4. RF tarvitsee yleens\u00e4 useita layout- ja virityskierroksia. Pienill\u00e4 muutoksilla voi olla suuria vaikutuksia korkeilla taajuuksilla.<\/p><\/li>

      8. Anna antenneille vapaa alue ja pid\u00e4 metalli ja muut j\u00e4ljet poissa. Antennien sovittaminen ja viritt\u00e4minen vaativat usein levytilaa ja testausta.<\/p><\/li>

      9. Kun teet suuritehoisia j\u00e4lki\u00e4, tee niist\u00e4 leveit\u00e4 ja k\u00e4yt\u00e4 monia l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4, jotta virta kulkee kerrosten v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        Tarkistettavat peruskaavat ja -s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t<\/h1>

        1. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 arvoa l\/\u03bb \u2265 0,05 sen selvitt\u00e4miseksi, tarvitseeko j\u00e4lki hajautettua mallia. l on geometrinen pituus. \u03bb on v\u00e4liaineen ty\u00f6aallonpituus.<\/p><\/li>

        2. Induktanssin nopeaa mittaamista varten 1 nH vastaa noin 1 mm:n j\u00e4lke\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4n avulla voit tarkistaa, lis\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4tk\u00f6 pitk\u00e4t maadoitukset induktanssia.<\/p><\/li>

        3. Impedanssin s\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6\u00e4 varten on tiedett\u00e4v\u00e4 pinoaminen, j\u00e4ljen leveys, dielektrisyysvakio ja et\u00e4isyys tasosta. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 kentt\u00e4ratkaisinta tai impedanssilaskuria tarkkojen arvojen saamiseksi.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Usein kysytyt kysymykset<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMik\u00e4 on RF PCB?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          RF-piirilevy (radiotaajuuspiirilevy) on suunniteltu kuljettamaan RF- ja mikroaaltosignaaleja (sadoista MHz:st\u00e4 useisiin GHz:iin). Siin\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n valvottuja materiaaleja, pinoamisia ja asettelus\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4 h\u00e4vi\u00f6iden minimoimiseksi ja signaalin eheyden s\u00e4ilytt\u00e4miseksi.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMit\u00e4 substraattimateriaaleja k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n tyypillisesti RF-piirilevyiss\u00e4?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Yleisi\u00e4 valintoja ovat PTFE-pohjaiset laminaatit ja tekniset materiaalit (Rogers, Taconic jne.), joilla on alhaiset h\u00e4vi\u00f6t ja vakaat dielektriset ominaisuudet; joissakin matalammilla taajuuksilla toimivissa tai kustannustehokkaissa malleissa voidaan k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 korkealaatuisia FR-4-muunnoksia.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiksei RF-suunnittelussa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4 aina FR-4:\u00e4\u00e4?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Tavallisella FR-4:ll\u00e4 on suurempi dielektrinen h\u00e4vi\u00f6 ja v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n vakaa Dk GHz:n taajuuksilla, mik\u00e4 lis\u00e4\u00e4 vaimennusta ja impedanssin vaihtelua, joten tarkkoihin RF-t\u00f6ihin k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n yleens\u00e4 mieluummin PTFE\/Rogers-luokan laminaatteja.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOvatko via stubit ongelma RF-signaalien kannalta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Kyll\u00e4, via stubit toimivat kuin lyhyet p\u00e4\u00e4ttym\u00e4tt\u00f6m\u00e4t siirtojohdot ja aiheuttavat heijastuksia. Yleisi\u00e4 lievent\u00e4miskeinoja ovat muun muassa takaporaukset, haudatut\/pinoamat l\u00e4piviennit ja l\u00e4pivientien huolellinen sijoittelu.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMitk\u00e4 testit validoivat RF PCB:n suorituskyvyn?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Yleiset testit: VNA:n S-parametrit (lis\u00e4ys-\/palautush\u00e4vi\u00f6), TDR-\/impedanssitarkastukset sek\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6- ja ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymistestit Dk-vakauden ja mitoitusk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen tarkistamiseksi.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMit\u00e4 minun pit\u00e4isi antaa valmistajalle tarkkaa RF-tarjousta varten?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Toimita Gerbers\/ODB++, kohdeimpedanssiarvot, tarkka kerrospinointi, dielektriset valinnat (tai Dk\/Df-tavoitteet), BGA\/pitch-tiedot, via-vaatimukset (backdrill\/via-in-pad) ja kaikki erityiset reititys- tai kokoonpanomerkinn\u00e4t. Varhainen DFM-arviointi nopeuttaa tuotantoa ja v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 riskej\u00e4.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\\\/p>

          \\\"RF<\\\/p>

          \\u00a0<\\\/p>

          Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\\\/p>

          RF PCB and its main features<\\\/h1>

          When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \\u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\\\/p>

          From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\\\/p>

          Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\\\/p>

          For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\\\/p>

          Principles for choosing RF board material<\\\/h1>

          Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\\\/h2>

          A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\\\/p>

          Trace impedance control<\\\/h2>

          On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\\\/p>

          Material requirements for RF boards<\\\/h2>

          RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\\\/p>

          FR-4 characteristics<\\\/h2>

          fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \\u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \\u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\\\/p>[caption id=\\\"attachment_2743\\\" align=\\\"alignnone\\\" width=\\\"688\\\"]\\\"fr-4\\\" fr-4[\\\/caption]

          TACONIC material<\\\/h2>

          TACONIC<\\\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\\\/p>

          ROGERS material<\\\/h2>

          ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\\\/p>

          Substrate table<\\\/h1>
          Material type<\\\/th>Typical material<\\\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Features and use<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
          Fluoropolymer substrate<\\\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\\\/td>2.1\\u20132.3<\\\/td>0.0005\\u20130.001<\\\/td>Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Ceramic filled substrate<\\\/td>Rogers RO4000 series<\\\/td>3.38\\u20134.5<\\\/td>0.0027\\u20130.004<\\\/td>Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Glass fiber substrate<\\\/td>High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\\\/td>3.9\\u20134.2<\\\/td>0.008\\u20130.01<\\\/td>Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div>

          RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\\\/h1>

          In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\\\/p>

          Below we list common problems and solutions.<\\\/p>

          Common problems in RF circuit design<\\\/h2>

          1. Interference between digital and analog modules<\\\/b>
            When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \\u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          2. Power supply noise interference<\\\/b>
            RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          3. Bad ground design<\\\/b>
            If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          4. Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\\\/b>
            In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

            RF circuit design principles and solutions<\\\/h2>

            1. Definition of RF layout<\\\/h3>

            When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\\\/p>

            1. Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            2. In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            3. Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            4. Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            5. Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

              \\\"Definition<\\\/p>

              2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\\\/h3>

              Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\\\/p>

              \\\"RF<\\\/p>

              a. Physical partition principles<\\\/h4>

              Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\\\/p>

              b. PCB stackup design principle<\\\/h4>

              A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\\\/p>

              \\\"\\\"<\\\/p>

              c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\\\/h4>

              In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\\\/p>

              d. Electrical partition principle<\\\/h4>

              Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\\\/p>

              Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\\\/p>

              e. RF input\\\/output isolation principle<\\\/h4>

              It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\\\/p>

              Summary<\\\/h1>

              In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\\\/p>

              1. Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              2. Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              3. Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              4. Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              5. Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              6. Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              7. Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              8. For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              9. When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                Basic formulas and rules to check<\\\/h1>

                1. Use l\\\/\\u03bb \\u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \\u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"351cd37\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"vdmvn40\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"d7a4f88\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"051b026\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"a4e53df\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What is an RF PCB?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"1f7b19c\"},{\"_id\":\"ef631eb\",\"tab_title\":\"Which substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                  \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"1e7d27b","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-PCB.webp\" alt=\"RF PCB\" width=\"633\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">\u00a0<\/p><p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"870\">Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"902\">RF PCB and its main features<\/h1><p data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1662\">When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\/p><p data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1875\">From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\/p><p data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2307\">Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\/p><p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2499\">For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"43\">Principles for choosing RF board material<\/h1><h2 data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"85\">Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"290\">A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"320\">Trace impedance control<\/h2><p data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"705\">On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"747\">Material requirements for RF boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1107\">RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1134\">FR-4 characteristics<\/h2><p data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1593\">fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_2743\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"688\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2743 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/fr-4.webp\" alt=\"fr-4\" width=\"688\" height=\"459\" \/> fr-4[\/caption]<h2 data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1616\">TACONIC material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1696\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taconic.com\/\">TACONIC<\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1718\">ROGERS material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1962\">ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4360\">Substrate table<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_1rjym_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4924\"><thead data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><tr data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><th data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Material type<\/th><th data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4395\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Typical material<\/th><th data-start=\"4395\" data-end=\"4409\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dk (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4409\" data-end=\"4423\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Df (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4443\" data-col-size=\"md\">Features and use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4924\"><tr data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4622\"><td data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4493\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fluoropolymer substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4526\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\/td><td data-start=\"4526\" data-end=\"4536\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.1\u20132.3<\/td><td data-start=\"4536\" data-end=\"4551\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0005\u20130.001<\/td><td data-start=\"4551\" data-end=\"4622\" data-col-size=\"md\">Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4766\"><td data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4648\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ceramic filled substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4648\" data-end=\"4671\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers RO4000 series<\/td><td data-start=\"4671\" data-end=\"4682\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.38\u20134.5<\/td><td data-start=\"4682\" data-end=\"4697\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0027\u20130.004<\/td><td data-start=\"4697\" data-end=\"4766\" data-col-size=\"md\">Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4924\"><td data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4789\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glass fiber substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4789\" data-end=\"4829\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\/td><td data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4839\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.9\u20134.2<\/td><td data-start=\"4839\" data-end=\"4852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.008\u20130.01<\/td><td data-start=\"4852\" data-end=\"4924\" data-col-size=\"md\">Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h1 data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4965\">RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\/h1><p data-start=\"4967\" data-end=\"5457\">In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\/p><p data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5503\">Below we list common problems and solutions.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5544\">Common problems in RF circuit design<\/h2><ol data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"7663\"><li data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"6328\"><p data-start=\"5549\" data-end=\"6328\"><b>Interference between digital and analog modules<\/b><br data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5599\" \/>When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6831\"><p data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6831\"><b>Power supply noise interference<\/b><br data-start=\"6364\" data-end=\"6367\" \/>RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"7315\"><p data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"7315\"><b>Bad ground design<\/b><br data-start=\"6853\" data-end=\"6856\" \/>If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7317\" data-end=\"7663\"><p data-start=\"7320\" data-end=\"7663\"><b>Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\/b><br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-start=\"7665\" data-end=\"7710\">RF circuit design principles and solutions<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"7712\" data-end=\"7744\">1. Definition of RF layout<\/h3><p data-start=\"7745\" data-end=\"7791\">When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\/p><ol data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"8272\"><li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7952\"><p data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7952\">Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7953\" data-end=\"8096\"><p data-start=\"7956\" data-end=\"8096\">In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8097\" data-end=\"8153\"><p data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8153\">Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8154\" data-end=\"8196\"><p data-start=\"8157\" data-end=\"8196\">Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8197\" data-end=\"8272\"><p data-start=\"8200\" data-end=\"8272\">Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2742\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Definition-of-RF-layout.webp\" alt=\"Definition of RF layout\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" \/><\/p><h3 data-start=\"8274\" data-end=\"8339\">2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\/h3><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\">Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\/p><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2745\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-partition.webp\" alt=\"RF partition\" width=\"640\" height=\"511\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8660\">a. Physical partition principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"8661\" data-end=\"8890\">Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8930\">b. PCB stackup design principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\">A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2744\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-circuit-design.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"9202\" data-end=\"9244\">c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9660\">In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9702\">d. Electrical partition principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"9703\" data-end=\"9974\">Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\/p><p data-start=\"9976\" data-end=\"10253\">Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"10255\" data-end=\"10300\">e. RF input\/output isolation principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"10301\" data-end=\"10697\">It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"10699\" data-end=\"10708\">Summary<\/h1><p data-start=\"10710\" data-end=\"10978\">In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\/p><ol data-start=\"11035\" data-end=\"12161\"><li data-start=\"11164\" data-end=\"11250\"><p data-start=\"11167\" data-end=\"11250\">Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11251\" data-end=\"11384\"><p data-start=\"11254\" data-end=\"11384\">Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11385\" data-end=\"11496\"><p data-start=\"11388\" data-end=\"11496\">Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11497\" data-end=\"11626\"><p data-start=\"11500\" data-end=\"11626\">Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11627\" data-end=\"11703\"><p data-start=\"11630\" data-end=\"11703\">Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11704\" data-end=\"11788\"><p data-start=\"11707\" data-end=\"11788\">Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11789\" data-end=\"11922\"><p data-start=\"11792\" data-end=\"11922\">Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11923\" data-end=\"12058\"><p data-start=\"11926\" data-end=\"12058\">For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12059\" data-end=\"12161\"><p data-start=\"12063\" data-end=\"12161\">When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h1 data-start=\"12163\" data-end=\"12198\">Basic formulas and rules to check<\/h1><ol data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12606\"><li data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12326\"><p data-start=\"12203\" data-end=\"12326\">Use l\/\u03bb \u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12327\" data-end=\"12438\"><p data-start=\"12330\" data-end=\"12438\">For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12439\" data-end=\"12606\"><p data-start=\"12442\" data-end=\"12606\">For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"351cd37"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Yes\\u2014via stubs act like short unterminated transmission lines and cause reflections. Common mitigations include back-drilling, buried\\\/stacked vias, and careful via placement.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat should I provide to a manufacturer for an accurate RF quote?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. Early DFM review speeds up production and reduces risk.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2145.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2145.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2145"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3362,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions\/3362"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}