{"id":4654,"date":"2026-01-20T09:42:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T09:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4654"},"modified":"2026-01-20T09:47:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T09:47:45","slug":"pcb-emi-analysis-maxwell-current-loops-flux-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-emi-analysis-maxwell-current-loops-flux-control\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB EMI-analyysi: Maxwell, Current Loops &amp; Flux Control: Maxwell, Current Loops &amp; Flux Control"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Piirilevyiss\u00e4 monet asiat voivat aiheuttaa EMI:t\u00e4. Esimerkiksi: <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2145\">radiotaajuus<\/a> virrat, yhteisvirtaj\u00e4nnitteet, maasilmukat, impedanssin ep\u00e4suhta ja magneettivuo. EMI:n hallitsemiseksi meid\u00e4n on opittava n\u00e4m\u00e4 syyt vaihe vaiheelta ja n\u00e4ht\u00e4v\u00e4, miten ne vaikuttavat piirilevyyn. Voimme opiskella matematiikkaa s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisesta teoriasta. Mutta se tie on pitk\u00e4 ja vaikea. Useimmille insin\u00f6\u00f6reille selke\u00e4t ja yksinkertaiset sanat ovat hy\u00f6dyllisempi\u00e4. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 artikkelissa k\u00e4sitell\u00e4\u00e4n: piirilevyn \u201cs\u00e4hk\u00f6kenttien l\u00e4hteit\u00e4\u201d, Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6iden k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4 ja magneettivuon minimoinnin ajatusta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. S\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n l\u00e4hteet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 S\u00e4hk\u00f6inen dipolimalli (ajassa muuttuva)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e4hk\u00f6kenttien l\u00e4hde mallinnetaan usein ajassa muuttuvana s\u00e4hk\u00f6dipolina. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on magneettil\u00e4hteen p\u00e4invastainen ajatus. S\u00e4hk\u00f6inen dipoli tarkoittaa kahta l\u00e4hekk\u00e4ist\u00e4, vastakkaista pistevarausta, jotka muuttuvat ajan my\u00f6t\u00e4. Dipolin molemmissa p\u00e4iss\u00e4 n\u00e4kyy varauksen muutos. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tapahtuu, koska virta kulkee dipolin koko pituudelta. Voit mallintaa s\u00e4hk\u00f6ist\u00e4 l\u00e4hdett\u00e4 ohjaamalla p\u00e4\u00e4ttym\u00e4t\u00f6nt\u00e4 antennia oskillaattorisignaalilla. T\u00e4m\u00e4 piiri osoittaa, miten s\u00e4hk\u00f6l\u00e4hde toimii. Sit\u00e4 ei kuitenkaan voi selitt\u00e4\u00e4 pelk\u00e4st\u00e4\u00e4n matalataajuuspiirien ideoiden avulla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c4l\u00e4 unohda, ett\u00e4 signaalin etenemisnopeus ei ole \u00e4\u00e4ret\u00f6n. Nopeus riippuu ei-magneettisten materiaalien dielektrisyysvakiosta. Koska nopeus on \u00e4\u00e4rellinen, piiriss\u00e4 esiintyy RF-virtaa. Ihmiset olettavat joskus, ett\u00e4 johdossa on sama j\u00e4nnite joka pisteess\u00e4 ja ett\u00e4 piiri on aina tasapainossa joka hetki. T\u00e4m\u00e4 ei pid\u00e4 paikkaansa RF-virrassa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.2 S\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisiin kenttiin vaikuttavat keskeiset tekij\u00e4t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e4hk\u00f6isen dipolin s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettinen kentt\u00e4 riippuu nelj\u00e4st\u00e4 asiasta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Virran amplitudi silmukassa: Kentt\u00e4 on verrannollinen dipolissa kulkevaan virtaan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dipolin napaisuus ja mittausantenni: Dipolin napaisuuden on vastattava mittauslaitteen antennin napaisuutta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on kuin magneettil\u00e4hde.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dipolin koko: Kentt\u00e4 on verrannollinen virtaelementin pituuteen. Viivan pituuden on kuitenkin oltava vain aallonpituuden osa. Mit\u00e4 suurempi dipoli on, sit\u00e4 pienempi on antennista mitattu taajuus. Tietyn koon tapauksessa antenni resonoi tietyll\u00e4 taajuudella.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Et\u00e4isyys: S\u00e4hk\u00f6- ja magneettikent\u00e4t liittyv\u00e4t toisiinsa. Niiden voimakkuus riippuu et\u00e4isyydest\u00e4. Kaukaisessa kent\u00e4ss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen on kuin silmukan (magneettinen) l\u00e4hde ja n\u00e4et s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisen tasoaallon. L\u00e4hell\u00e4 pistem\u00e4ist\u00e4 l\u00e4hdett\u00e4 kent\u00e4n riippuvuus et\u00e4isyydest\u00e4 on voimakkaampi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.3 L\u00e4hikent\u00e4n ja kaukokent\u00e4n suhteet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u00e4hikentt\u00e4 ja kaukokentt\u00e4 sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t sek\u00e4 magneettisen ett\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6isen osan. Kaikissa aalloissa yhdistyv\u00e4t s\u00e4hk\u00f6iset ja magneettiset osat. T\u00e4m\u00e4 sekoitus on Poyntingin vektori. Itse asiassa ei ole olemassa mit\u00e4\u00e4n puhdasta \u201cs\u00e4hk\u00f6ist\u00e4 aaltoa\u201d tai \u201cmagneettista aaltoa\u201d yksin\u00e4\u00e4n. Voimme mitata tasoaaltoa, koska useiden aallonpituuksien p\u00e4\u00e4ss\u00e4 olevan pienen antennin kohdalla aaltorintama n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 tasolta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pieni piirros voi auttaa. Siit\u00e4 n\u00e4kyisi aaltojen impedanssi ja et\u00e4isyys. Merkinn\u00e4t olisivat seuraavat: aaltoimpedanssi; s\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n hallitsema alue, jossa E = 1\/r ja H = 1\/r\u00b2; tasoaalto, jossa Z = 377 \u03a9; asymptoottiviiva; todellinen muoto; magneettikent\u00e4n hallitsema alue; siirtym\u00e4alue; l\u00e4hikentt\u00e4 H = 1\/r\u00b3, E = 1\/r\u00b2; kaukokentt\u00e4; vaaka-akseli 0,1, 0,5, 1,0, 5,0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance.webp\" alt=\"Relationship Between Wave Impedance and Distance\" class=\"wp-image-4660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e4m\u00e4 n\u00e4kym\u00e4 on antennin n\u00e4kem\u00e4 fyysinen \u201cprofiili\u201d. Ajattele sit\u00e4 kuin heitt\u00e4isit kiven jokeen ja n\u00e4kisit aaltoja. Kentt\u00e4 s\u00e4teilee pistel\u00e4hteest\u00e4 valon nopeudella. Nopeus riippuu dielektrisest\u00e4 vakiosta. S\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n yksikk\u00f6 on V\/m. Magneettikent\u00e4n yksikk\u00f6 on A\/m. E:n ja H:n suhde on vapaan tilan impedanssi. Vapaassa tilassa olevan tasoaallon aaltoimpedanssi Z\u2080 on vakio. Se ei riipu et\u00e4isyydest\u00e4 eik\u00e4 pistem\u00e4isest\u00e4 l\u00e4hteest\u00e4. Vapaassa avaruudessa oleva tasoaalto sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 energiaa watteina neli\u00f6metri\u00e4 kohti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.4 Melukytkent\u00e4 ja kertakomponenttimallit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Useimmissa Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6iden k\u00e4ytt\u00f6kohteissa mallinnamme kohinan kytkeytymist\u00e4 vastaavilla kiinteill\u00e4 komponenteilla. Esimerkiksi: kahden johtimen v\u00e4linen ajassa muuttuva s\u00e4hk\u00f6kentt\u00e4 on kuin kondensaattori. Ajan suhteen muuttuva magneettikentt\u00e4 kahden saman johtimen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 on kuin keskin\u00e4inen induktanssi. Kuvassa voidaan esitt\u00e4\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 kaksi kohinakytkent\u00e4polkua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms.webp\" alt=\"Noise Coupling Mechanisms\" class=\"wp-image-4657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Jotta t\u00e4llaiset kohinamallit olisivat oikeita, piirin on oltava pieni verrattuna signaalin aallonpituuteen. Jos t\u00e4m\u00e4 ei pid\u00e4 paikkaansa, voimme silti k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 EMC:n kuvaamiseen lumped component -malleja. Miksi? Koska Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6it\u00e4 on vaikea soveltaa monissa todellisissa tapauksissa monimutkaisten rajojen vuoksi. Jos lumped-malli vaikuttaa suunnilleen oikealta, se on k\u00e4ytt\u00f6kelpoinen. Useimmat erilliset komponentit k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyv\u00e4t yleens\u00e4 luotettavasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Numeerinen malli ei aina n\u00e4yt\u00e4, miten kohina johtuu j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n parametreista. Malli voi olla vastaus, mutta j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4parametreja ei v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 tunneta, l\u00f6ydet\u00e4 tai n\u00e4hd\u00e4. K\u00e4ytett\u00e4viss\u00e4 olevista malleista lumped-component-mallit ovat usein paras k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n valinta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.5 Merkitys PCB-asettelulle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Miksi tutkimme t\u00e4t\u00e4 teoriaa <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-design\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"3488\">PCB-asettelu<\/a>? Yksinkertainen vastaus: meid\u00e4n on tiedett\u00e4v\u00e4, miten s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettiset kent\u00e4t syntyv\u00e4t. Sitten voimme v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 RF-kentti\u00e4 piirilevyll\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 meid\u00e4n on v\u00e4hennett\u00e4v\u00e4 RF-virtoja piiriss\u00e4. RF-virta liittyy signaalinjakeluverkkoon, ohitukseen ja kytkent\u00e4\u00e4n. RF-virta muodostaa lopulta harmonisia ja muuta digitaalista signaalisis\u00e4lt\u00f6\u00e4. Signaalinjakeluverkkojen on oltava mahdollisimman pieni\u00e4. Se v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 RF-paluuvirtasilmukoiden pinta-alaa. Ohitus ja kytkent\u00e4 liittyv\u00e4t suuriin virtoihin, ja niiden on tapahduttava virranjakeluverkon kautta. Tehonjakeluverkossa on m\u00e4\u00e4ritelm\u00e4n mukaan suuria RF-paluusilmukka-alueita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method.webp\" alt=\"Noise Coupling Method\" class=\"wp-image-4658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method.webp 666w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6iden soveltaminen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6iden yhdist\u00e4minen Ohmin lakiin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Esittelimme edell\u00e4 Maxwellin perusajatukset. Mutta miten sovellamme t\u00e4t\u00e4 fysiikan ja laskennan tiet\u00e4myst\u00e4 piirilevyn EMC:hen? Meid\u00e4n on yksinkertaistettava Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6it\u00e4, jotta voimme k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 niit\u00e4 piirilevyn j\u00e4lki\u00e4 varten. Voimme yhdist\u00e4\u00e4 Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6t Ohmin lakiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ohmin laki aika-alueella:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V = I \u00d7 R.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ohmin laki taajuusalueella:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V_rf = I_rf \u00d7 Z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e4ss\u00e4 V on j\u00e4nnite, I on virta, R on resistanssi ja Z on impedanssi (Z = R + jX). rf tarkoittaa radiotaajuista energiaa. Jos RF-virta kulkee piirilevyn j\u00e4ljess\u00e4, jolla on kiinte\u00e4 impedanssi, syntyy RF-j\u00e4nnite. RF-j\u00e4nnite on verrannollinen RF-virtaan. Huomautus: aaltomallissa R korvataan Z:ll\u00e4. Z on kompleksinen. Sill\u00e4 on resistanssi (reaalinen) ja reaktanssi (imaginaarinen).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Johdinten\/piirilevyjen impedanssikaavat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Impedanssi voidaan kirjoittaa monella eri tavalla riippuen siit\u00e4, tarkastellaanko tasoaaltoimpedanssia vai piiri-impedanssia. Johtojen tai piirilevyn j\u00e4lkien osalta k\u00e4yt\u00e4mme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kulmataajuus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03c9 = 2\u03c0f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Induktiivinen reaktanssi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X_L = 2\u03c0fL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kapasitiivinen reaktanssi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X_C = 1 \/ (2\u03c0fC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Impedanssi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z = R + jX_L + 1\/(jX_C) = R + j\u03c9L + 1\/(j\u03c9C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kun komponentilla on tunnettu resistanssi ja induktanssi, esimerkiksi ferriittihelmi, vastus, kondensaattori tai laitteet, joissa on loistehoja, on otettava huomioon, ett\u00e4 impedanssi muuttuu taajuuden mukaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 Nykyinen reitinvalintamekanismi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yli joidenkin khz:n taajuusalueiden yl\u00e4puolella reaktanssi on yleens\u00e4 suurempi kuin R. Mutta ei aina. Virta valitsee pienimm\u00e4n impedanssin reitin. Joidenkin kHz:n alapuolella resistanssi voi olla pienin polku. Joidenkin khz:n yl\u00e4puolella reaktanssi voi hallita. Monet piirit toimivat yli kHz:n taajuudella, joten yksinkertainen ajatus \u201cvirta valitsee pienimm\u00e4n resistanssin polun\u201d ei en\u00e4\u00e4 t\u00e4ysin selit\u00e4, miten virta kulkee siirtojohdossa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yli 10 kHz:n virtaa kuljettavissa johtimissa virta valitsee reitin, jonka impedanssi on pienin. Jos kuorman impedanssi kytkeytyy johtimeen, kaapeliin tai j\u00e4lkiin ja on suurempi kuin siirtotien rinnakkaiskapasitanssi, induktanssi hallitsee. Jos kaikilla kytketyill\u00e4 johdoilla on samanlainen poikkileikkaus, pienimm\u00e4n silmukkapinta-alan omaavalla reitill\u00e4 on pienin induktanssi. Mit\u00e4 pienempi silmukan pinta-ala on, sit\u00e4 pienempi on induktanssi. Virta kulkee siis sit\u00e4 kautta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4 J\u00e4lki-induktanssin vaikutus RF-energiaan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jokaisella johtimella on \u00e4\u00e4rellinen impedanssi. J\u00e4lki-induktanssi on ainoa syy, miksi RF-energia voi esiinty\u00e4 piirilevyll\u00e4. My\u00f6s pitk\u00e4t sidosjohdot piisirun ja kiinnitysalustan v\u00e4lill\u00e4 voivat aiheuttaa RF-energiaa. Levyn reititys voi aiheuttaa suuren induktanssin, varsinkin kun j\u00e4ljet ovat pitki\u00e4. Pitk\u00e4 j\u00e4lki tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 edestakainen pituus on pitk\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa j\u00e4ljen aikaviiveen. Yksi signaali voi k\u00e4ynnisty\u00e4 ennen kuin aikaisempi signaali palaa. Taajuusalueella j\u00e4ljest\u00e4 tulee \u201cpitk\u00e4\u201d, kun sen kokonaispituus on suurempi kuin noin \u03bb\/10 j\u00e4ljess\u00e4 esiintyv\u00e4ll\u00e4 taajuudella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lyhyesti sanottuna: RF-j\u00e4nnite impedanssin yli muodostaa RF-virran. T\u00e4m\u00e4 RF-virta voi s\u00e4teill\u00e4 energiaa vapaaseen tilaan ja rikkoa EMC-rajoja. N\u00e4iss\u00e4 esimerkeiss\u00e4 Maxwellin yht\u00e4l\u00f6t yhdistet\u00e4\u00e4n piirilevyjen reititykseen yksinkertaisella matematiikalla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.5 Magneettivuon suunnan oikean k\u00e4den s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Maxwell sanoo, ett\u00e4 j\u00e4lki\u00e4 pitkin liikkuva varaus aiheuttaa virtaa. Virta synnytt\u00e4\u00e4 magneettikent\u00e4n. N\u00e4m\u00e4 magneettivuoroviivat seuraavat j\u00e4lke\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 oikean k\u00e4den s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00e4 vuon suunnan l\u00f6yt\u00e4miseksi. Osoita peukalolla virran suuntaa. K\u00e4pristyneet sormesi osoittavat magneettikent\u00e4n j\u00e4ljen ymp\u00e4rill\u00e4. Ajassa muuttuva magneettikentt\u00e4 aiheuttaa kohtisuoran s\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n. RF-s\u00e4teily on t\u00e4m\u00e4n magneetti- ja s\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n sekoitus. Kent\u00e4t voivat poistua piirilevyst\u00e4 s\u00e4teilem\u00e4ll\u00e4 tai johtumalla kytkettyj\u00e4 kaapeleita pitkin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Huomaa, ett\u00e4 magneettikentt\u00e4 kiert\u00e4\u00e4 suljetun silmukan rajaa. Piirilevyll\u00e4 l\u00e4hde ohjaa RF-virtaa l\u00e4hteest\u00e4 kuormaan j\u00e4ljen kautta. RF-virran on palattava takaisin l\u00e4hteeseen (Amperen laki). T\u00e4m\u00e4 muodostaa RF-virtasilmukan. Silmukan ei tarvitse olla ympyr\u00e4nmuotoinen, mutta usein se on kierre. Koska paluupolku muodostaa suljetun silmukan, se muodostaa magneettikent\u00e4n. Magneettikentt\u00e4 synnytt\u00e4\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n. L\u00e4hikent\u00e4ss\u00e4 magneettiset osat voivat olla hallitsevia. Kaukokent\u00e4ss\u00e4 suhde E\/H (aaltoimpedanssi) on kuitenkin noin 120\u03c0 \u03a9 tai 377 \u03a9. T\u00e4m\u00e4 arvo ei riipu l\u00e4hteest\u00e4. Kaukokent\u00e4ss\u00e4 voidaan siis k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 silmukka-antennia ja herkk\u00e4\u00e4 vastaanotinta magneettisen osan mittaamiseen. Vastaanotettu virta on E\/(120\u03c0) A\/m, jos E on V\/m. My\u00f6s s\u00e4hk\u00f6inen osa voidaan mitata sopivilla v\u00e4lineill\u00e4 l\u00e4hikent\u00e4ss\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule.webp\" alt=\"Right-Hand Rule\" class=\"wp-image-4661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.6 Suljetun piirin merkitys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Toinen yksinkertainen kuva RF:st\u00e4 piirilevyill\u00e4 saadaan kuvissa esitetyist\u00e4 tyypillisist\u00e4 piireist\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 aika- ja taajuusalueanalyysi\u00e4. Kirchhoffin ja Amperen lakien mukaan piirin on oltava suljettu silmukka, jotta se toimisi. Kirchhoffin j\u00e4nnitelain mukaan j\u00e4nnitteiden summa mink\u00e4 tahansa suljetun polun ymp\u00e4rill\u00e4 on nolla. Ampereen lain mukaan virta aiheuttaa magneettista induktiota pisteess\u00e4, joka perustuu virtaan ja geometriaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jos suljettua silmukkaa ei olisi, signaali ei voisi kulkea l\u00e4hteest\u00e4 kuormaan siirtojohdossa. Kun kytkin sulkeutuu, virtapiiri muodostuu ja vaihto- tai tasavirta virtaa. Taajuusalueella t\u00e4m\u00e4 virta on RF-energiaa. Aika- tai taajuusalueella ei ole erillist\u00e4 virtaa. Yksi virta on olemassa, ja voimme n\u00e4hd\u00e4 sen kummallakin alueella. RF-paluureitin on oltava olemassa kuormasta l\u00e4hteeseen, muuten piiri ei voi toimia. Siksi piirilevyrakenteen on noudatettava Maxwellin, Kirchhoffin ja Amperen periaatteita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaikki n\u00e4m\u00e4 lait sanovat: jotta virtapiiri toimisi odotetulla tavalla, on oltava suljetun silmukan verkko. Kuvassa esitet\u00e4\u00e4n t\u00e4llainen tyypillinen virtapiiri. Kun j\u00e4lki kulkee l\u00e4hteest\u00e4 kuormaan, sen paluuvirtapolun on oltava olemassa. Se on Kirchhoff ja Ampere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp\" alt=\"Closed-Loop Circuit\" class=\"wp-image-4655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Toisessa kuvassa on kytkin ja ohjain E sarjassa. Kun kytkin on kiinni, piiri toimii. Jos se on auki, se ei toimi. Aika-alueella haluttu signaali kulkee l\u00e4hteest\u00e4 kuormaan. Signaalilla on oltava paluupolku, yleens\u00e4 0 V:n maadoitusreferenssin kautta. RF-virrat kulkevat l\u00e4hteest\u00e4 kuormaan ja palaavat pienimm\u00e4n impedanssin polun kautta. Usein t\u00e4m\u00e4 tapahtuu maaj\u00e4ljen tai -tason, peilitason, kautta. Selit\u00e4 RF-virta Amperen lain avulla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp\" alt=\"Description of a Closed-Loop Circuit\" class=\"wp-image-4656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Vuon minimointi (magneettivuon minimointi)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Magneettivuon syntymekanismi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ennen kuin tutkimme \u201cmiten EMI n\u00e4kyy piirilevyss\u00e4\u201d, meid\u00e4n on opittava, miten magneettijohdot muodostuvat siirtojohdoissa. Magneettivuo on keskeinen ajatus. Vuo muodostuu, kun virta kulkee kiinte\u00e4n tai muuttuvan impedanssin l\u00e4pi. Impedanssia on muun muassa johtimissa, komponenttien johtimissa ja l\u00e4pivienneiss\u00e4. Jos piirilevyll\u00e4 on vuo, Maxwellin mukaan my\u00f6s RF-energiareittej\u00e4 on olemassa. N\u00e4m\u00e4 polut voivat s\u00e4teill\u00e4 vapaaseen tilaan tai johtaa pois kaapeleiden kautta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Virran kumoamisen periaate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>RF-virran poistamiseksi piirilevyst\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00e4mme \u201cvuon kumoamista\u201d tai \u201cvuon minimointia\u201d. Magneettijohdot kulkevat yhteen suuntaan j\u00e4ljen ymp\u00e4ri. Jos RF-palautusreitti on samansuuntainen ja l\u00e4hell\u00e4 l\u00e4hdeviivaa, paluupolun kentt\u00e4 kulkee vastakkain l\u00e4hdekent\u00e4n kanssa. Kun kent\u00e4t kulkevat vastakkaisiin suuntiin, ne kumoavat. Jos ei-toivottu vuo l\u00e4hteen ja paluureitin v\u00e4lill\u00e4 mit\u00e4t\u00f6id\u00e4\u00e4n tai pidet\u00e4\u00e4n pienen\u00e4, s\u00e4teily\u00e4 tai johdettua RF-virtaa ei esiinny, paitsi hyvin pienill\u00e4 j\u00e4ljen reunoilla. Vuon kumoamisen k\u00e4site on yksinkertainen. Suunnittelussa on kuitenkin varottava ansoja ja pieni\u00e4 virheit\u00e4. Pieni virhe voi aiheuttaa monia ylim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isi\u00e4 ongelmia, jotka tekev\u00e4t virheenkorjauksesta vaikeaa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Helpoin vuon kumoamismenetelm\u00e4 on k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kuvatasoa (peilitasoa). Riippumatta siit\u00e4, kuinka hyvin reitit\u00e4t, s\u00e4hk\u00f6- ja magneettikentti\u00e4 on aina olemassa. Mutta jos peruutat magneettiset linjat, s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettinen h\u00e4iri\u00f6 katoaa. Se on niin yksinkertaista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Vuon minimointi vinkkej\u00e4 PCB Layoutissa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kuinka peruuttaa vuo PCB-asettelussa? On monia vinkkej\u00e4. Kaikki eiv\u00e4t suoraan kumoa vuota. Joitakin yleisi\u00e4:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>K\u00e4yt\u00e4 monikerroksisia levyj\u00e4, joissa on oikea pinoamisj\u00e4rjestys ja impedanssin s\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reitit\u00e4 kelloj\u00e4ljet l\u00e4helle paluumaatason (monikerroksisissa piirilevyiss\u00e4). K\u00e4yt\u00e4 yksi- tai kaksipuolisissa levyiss\u00e4 maadoitusj\u00e4lki\u00e4 tai suojapiirej\u00e4 kelloj\u00e4lkien l\u00e4hell\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sieppaa magneettivuo muovipakkausten sis\u00e4lt\u00e4 0V-vertailuun komponenttien s\u00e4teilyn v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Valitse logiikkaosat huolellisesti, jotta voit v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 osien s\u00e4teilem\u00e4\u00e4 RF-spektri\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 mahdollisuuksien mukaan laitteita, joissa on hitaampi reunanopeus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e4henn\u00e4 kelloajureiden (TTL\/CMOS) RF-ajoj\u00e4nnitett\u00e4 johtimien RF-virran pienent\u00e4miseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pienempi maah\u00e4iri\u00f6j\u00e4nnite, joka esiintyy teho- ja maatasojen v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kun monet laitteen nastat kytkeytyv\u00e4t kerralla suuren kapasitiivisen kuorman ohjaamiseksi, huolehdi osan riitt\u00e4v\u00e4st\u00e4 irrotuksesta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>P\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4 kello- ja signaalijohdot asianmukaisesti, jotta v\u00e4ltet\u00e4\u00e4n soiminen, yli- ja aliohjaus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u00e4yt\u00e4 datajohtosuodattimia ja yhteismuotoisia kuristimia niit\u00e4 tarvitsevissa verkoissa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K\u00e4yt\u00e4 ulkoisissa I\/O-kaapeleissa ohituskondensaattoreita oikein (ei kytkent\u00e4erottimina).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jos komponentit s\u00e4teilev\u00e4t paljon yhteismuotoista RF-energiaa, anna niille maadoitettu j\u00e4\u00e4hdytyselementti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Muut s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisen h\u00e4iri\u00f6n syyt piirilevyiss\u00e4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Luettelon tarkastelu osoittaa, ett\u00e4 magneettivuo on vain yksi osa piirilevyjen s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettista h\u00e4iri\u00f6t\u00e4. Muita syit\u00e4 ovat mm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Piirin ja I\/O-kaapeleiden v\u00e4liset yhteismuoto- ja differentiaalimuotovirrat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maasilmukat, jotka luovat magneettikentt\u00e4rakenteita.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u00e4teily\u00e4 aiheuttavat komponentit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Impedanssin ep\u00e4suhta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Huomautus: suurin osa EMI-s\u00e4teilyst\u00e4 on per\u00e4isin yhteismuotoisista j\u00e4nnitteist\u00e4. Levyll\u00e4 tai piiriss\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 yhteismuototasot voivat muuttua pieniksi kentiksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u00e4\u00e4telm\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jos haluat poistaa s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettisen h\u00e4iri\u00f6n piirilevyilt\u00e4, aloita v\u00e4hent\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 magneettivuota. Sen sanominen on helppoa, mutta sen tekeminen on vaikeampaa. RF-energia on n\u00e4kym\u00e4t\u00f6nt\u00e4 ja sit\u00e4 on vaikea l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4. Paikantamalla, miss\u00e4 RF-virta kulkee ja mihin suuntaan se kulkee, ja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 edell\u00e4 mainittuja vinkkej\u00e4 sek\u00e4 Maxwellin, Kirchhoffin ja Amperen s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4 voit rajata ep\u00e4ilytt\u00e4v\u00e4n alueen. Etsi sitten todellinen EMI-l\u00e4hde ja poista se.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In PCBs, many things can cause EMI. For example: radio frequency currents, common-mode voltages, ground loops, impedance mismatch, and magnetic 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