Kuumapuristus: pino asetetaan tyhji\u00f6kuumapuristimeen. L\u00e4mp\u00f6 sulattaa hartsin ja sitoo pinon, jolloin tyhj\u00e4t kohdat t\u00e4yttyv\u00e4t.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nVinkkej\u00e4: pid\u00e4 laminointi symmetrisen\u00e4. Jos j\u00e4nnitys ei ole tasapainossa molemmin puolin, syntyy v\u00e4\u00e4ntymist\u00e4. Hallitse kuparin jakautumista, jotta v\u00e4ltet\u00e4\u00e4n hartsin virtauserot, jotka aiheuttavat ep\u00e4tasaista paksuutta. Suunnittele sokeat ja upotetut l\u00e4piviennit etuk\u00e4teen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3.5 Sokeiden ja upotettujen l\u00e4pivientien poraaminen (DRILLING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Piirilevytuotannossa mekaaninen poraus on t\u00e4rkein menetelm\u00e4 yli 8 milin reikien l\u00e4pivientiin. Mekaaninen poraus m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4\u00e4, miss\u00e4 sokeat ja upotetut l\u00e4piviennit eiv\u00e4t voi kulkea. Kahdeksankerroksisen piirilevyn esimerkiss\u00e4 voit tehd\u00e4 samanaikaisesti upotettuja l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 kerroksille 3-6, sokkoja l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 kerroksille 1-2 ja sokkoja l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 kerroksille 7-8. Riste\u00e4vi\u00e4 upotettuja l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4, kuten 3-5 ja 4-6, ei kuitenkaan voi suunnitella, koska niit\u00e4 ei voida tehd\u00e4. Ep\u00e4symmetriset upotetut l\u00e4pivientikuviot (kuten 3-5 ja 4-6) lis\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t huomattavasti vaikeuksia ja romun m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4. Kustannukset voivat olla yli kuusinkertaiset symmetristen haudattujen l\u00e4pivientien kustannuksiin verrattuna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3.6 Kuparointi ja pinnoitus (metalloinnin kautta)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Via-metallointi peitt\u00e4\u00e4 poratun rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4n kuparilla, joka on tasaista ja l\u00e4mm\u00f6nkest\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4. Kolme vaihetta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nPoista poraj\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Kemiallinen kuparipinnoitus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n T\u00e4yspintainen galvanointi kuparin paksuuntamiseksi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nAvainparametri: kuvasuhde (levyn paksuus suhteessa rei\u00e4n halkaisijaan). Kun levyn paksuus kasvaa ja rei\u00e4n halkaisija pienenee, kemikaalit eiv\u00e4t p\u00e4\u00e4se helposti rei\u00e4n keskelle. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voi tehd\u00e4 pinnoituksesta ohutta keskell\u00e4 ja aiheuttaa mikroaukkovikoja. Suunnittelijoiden on tunnettava kartonkitehtaan prosessirajat. Sek\u00e4 sokeissa\/puretuissa l\u00e4pivienneiss\u00e4 ett\u00e4 l\u00e4pirei'iss\u00e4 on otettava huomioon kuvasuhderajat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.7 Toinen sis\u00e4kerroksen kuiva kalvo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kun kerrosten 3-6 haudatut l\u00e4piviennit on metalloitu, t\u00e4yt\u00e4 rei\u00e4t hartsimusteella ja palaa sis\u00e4isiin kuivakalvon vaiheisiin kerrosten 3 ja 6 j\u00e4lkien tekemiseksi. Kun n\u00e4m\u00e4 on tehty, tee musta\/ruskea hapetus uudelleen ja l\u00e4het\u00e4 sitten toiseen laminointiin. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 toisessa laminoinnissa noudatetaan samaa prosessia kuin ensimm\u00e4isess\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.8 Toinen laminointi (HDI-puristin)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n HDI-levyiss\u00e4 on ohuet eristyskerrokset, joten puristaminen on vaikeampaa. Samalla paksuudella LDP-levyjen lujuus on parempi kuin RCC-levyjen. LDP virtaa hitaammin, joten sen hallinta on helpompaa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Muotoilutiedot:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nSis\u00e4isill\u00e4 alueilla, joissa on sokeita\/hautautuneita l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4, ulompien johtojen on v\u00e4ltett\u00e4v\u00e4 l\u00e4pivientipaikkoja, jotta v\u00e4ltet\u00e4\u00e4n painumien aiheuttamat avoimet piirit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Liian monet upotetut l\u00e4piviennit toisen ja toiseksi viimeisen kerroksen v\u00e4liss\u00e4 voivat muodostaa kanavia, jotka ohentavat dielektrist\u00e4 materiaalia. V\u00e4henn\u00e4 t\u00e4llaisia l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 mahdollisuuksien mukaan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nHDI CO\u2082 -lasersokeiden l\u00e4pivientien osalta yleinen menetelm\u00e4 on conformal mask -tekniikka. Siirret\u00e4\u00e4n kuviot ulommalle kuparille, sy\u00f6vytet\u00e4\u00e4n pienet ikkunat, jotka vastaavat laserl\u00e4pivientien sijainteja, ja k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n sitten suurempitehoista laseria n\u00e4iss\u00e4 koordinaateissa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 sopii subtraktiiviseen monikerroksiseen valmistukseen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.9 Conformal mask (laser esik\u00e4sittelyn kautta)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Conformal maskissa on kaksi osaa: Conformal mask1 ja Conformal mask2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nConformal mask1: sy\u00f6vytystyynyt, jotka kohdistuvat sokeaan l\u00e4pivientiin alalevyn molemmin puolin, ja sy\u00f6vytyksen kohdistuskohteet automaattista valotuskonetta varten. T\u00e4m\u00e4 helpottaa my\u00f6hemp\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4sittely\u00e4 ja laserporausta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Conformal mask2: sy\u00f6vyt\u00e4 levyn yl\u00e4- ja alakupariin ikkunat, jotka ovat hieman suurempia kuin laserreik\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 valmistelee CO\u2082-laserk\u00e4sittely\u00e4 varten.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3.10 Laserporaus (LASER DRILLING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Laserporauksessa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n laserenergiaa hartsin polttamiseen ja sokeiden l\u00e4pivientien muodostamiseen. Laserenergia heikkenee ylh\u00e4\u00e4lt\u00e4 alasp\u00e4in, joten rei\u00e4n halkaisija kapenee syvyyden my\u00f6t\u00e4. Tyypillinen reik\u00e4koko on 4-6 mil (0,10-0,15 mm). IPC6016:n mukaan reiki\u00e4 \u22640,15 mm kutsutaan mikrovioiksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yli 0,15 mm:n rei\u00e4t on porattava kierreporauksella. Nopeus laskee ja kustannukset nousevat nopeasti. Nyky\u00e4\u00e4n k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kolmen laukauksen porausta laserty\u00f6kaluissa. Nopeus on 100-200 reik\u00e4\u00e4 sekunnissa. Pienemm\u00e4t rei\u00e4t voivat olla nopeampia (0,100 mm:n reik\u00e4 ~120 reik\u00e4\u00e4\/sek; 0,076 mm:n reik\u00e4 ~170 reik\u00e4\u00e4\/sek).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.11 Laser metalloinnin kautta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Laserrei\u00e4t polttavat rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4n ja j\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4t hiilt\u00e4. Toinen kuparikerros voi hapettua. Poraj\u00e4\u00e4mien poistamiseksi tarvitaan korkeapainevesipesua. Mikro-via hiilt\u00e4 on vaikea poistaa. Pinottu kaksikerroksinen HDI vaatii erityist\u00e4 sokkoveripinnoitusta ja kuparit\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4 (COPPER FILLING). T\u00e4m\u00e4 on kallista ja sit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n korkealuokkaisissa tuotteissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.12 Kolmas kuiva sis\u00e4kalvo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Laser metalloinnin j\u00e4lkeen tehd\u00e4\u00e4n toinen Conformal mask1. Palaa sitten sis\u00e4isiin kuivakalvon vaiheisiin kerrosten 2 ja 7 j\u00e4lkien tekemiseksi. Kun j\u00e4ljet on tehty, tehd\u00e4\u00e4n musta\/ruskea hapetus ja kolmas laminointi. Tee sitten kolmas sokea l\u00e4pisy\u00f6tt\u00f6 vaihe 1 ja toinen sokea l\u00e4pisy\u00f6tt\u00f6 vaihe 2 valmistellaksesi toista laserporausta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toisen tason HDI tarvitsee monia linjauksia. Virheit\u00e4 voi kerty\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 nostaa romun m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4. Helpommasta vaikeampaan via-yhdistelmiss\u00e4:
3.13 Toinen laserporaus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Suorita toinen laserporausvaihe kaksitasoisen HDI:n suunnitelman mukaisesti. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 noudatetaan samoja s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4 kuin ensimm\u00e4isess\u00e4 laserporauksessa, mutta se edellytt\u00e4\u00e4 huolellista kohdistusta ja suunnittelua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.14 Mekaaninen poraaminen (reikien poraaminen l\u00e4pi)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Laservaiheiden j\u00e4lkeen tehd\u00e4\u00e4n mekaaninen poraus l\u00e4pivientireiki\u00e4 varten. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 vaiheessa porataan rei\u00e4t, jotka menev\u00e4t koko paneelin l\u00e4pi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.15 Poraj\u00e4\u00e4mien poisto ja pinnoitus (P.T.H.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Levit\u00e4 sokeat l\u00e4piviennit ja l\u00e4piviennit yhdess\u00e4 niin, ett\u00e4 kaikki l\u00e4piviennit on metalloitu. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 vaiheessa erityinen HDI-virtaus p\u00e4\u00e4ttyy. T\u00e4st\u00e4 eteenp\u00e4in levyss\u00e4 noudatetaan tavanomaisia piirilevyjen viimeistelyvaiheita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.16 Kuivakalvon ja kuviopinnoituksen ulkokerros (DRY FILM & PATTERN PLATING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Ulkopuolinen kuvion siirto on samanlainen kuin sis\u00e4kerrosten. Suurin ero on pinnoitusmenetelm\u00e4:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nSubtraktiivinen menetelm\u00e4: k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n negatiivifilmi\u00e4. Kovettunut kuiva filmi pysyy piirin\u00e4. Sy\u00f6vyt\u00e4 ja irrota kalvo, jotta piiri s\u00e4ilyy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Additiivinen\/normaali menetelm\u00e4: k\u00e4yt\u00e4 positiivista filmi\u00e4. Kovettunut kuiva kalvo peitt\u00e4\u00e4 piirin ulkopuoliset alueet. Tee kuviopinnoitus (kupari, sitten tina), sitten irrota kalvo, tee em\u00e4ksinen sy\u00f6vytys, poista tina ja s\u00e4ilyt\u00e4 piiri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3.17 M\u00e4rk\u00e4kalvojuotosmaski (WET FILM SOLDER MASK)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Juotosmaski peitt\u00e4\u00e4 levyn pinnan. Se est\u00e4\u00e4 v\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4 juotoksia, kosteutta tai kemikaaleja aiheuttamasta oikosulkuja ja suojaa j\u00e4lki\u00e4 fyysisilt\u00e4 vaurioilta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 pit\u00e4\u00e4 piirilevyn toiminnan vakaana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prosessi: esipuhdistus \u2192 pinnoitus \u2192 esipaisto \u2192 valotus \u2192 kehitys \u2192 UV-kovetus \u2192 l\u00e4mp\u00f6kovetus. T\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t valvontakohdat: juotosmaskin kohdistus, maskin sillan koko, l\u00e4pivientien tuotanto ja maskin paksuus. Musteen laatu vaikuttaa my\u00f6hemp\u00e4\u00e4n pintak\u00e4sittelyyn, SMT-asennukseen ja levyn k\u00e4ytt\u00f6ik\u00e4\u00e4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.18 Valikoiva upotuskulta (IMMERSION GOLD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kemiallinen nikkel\u00f6inti \/ kultaus on pintak\u00e4sittely juotosmaskin j\u00e4lkeen. Se soveltuu piirilevyille, joissa on pieni j\u00e4lkiv\u00e4li ja paljon pinta-asennettavia osia. Se auttaa tyynyjen koplanaarisuutta ja tasaisuutta. Kulta on vakaata ja suojaavaa. Pinnoitusominaisuudet: nikkeli ~5 \u03bcm, kulta 0,05-0,1 \u03bcm. Liian paksu kulta voi halkeilla ja aiheuttaa heikkoja juotosliitoksia. Liian ohut kulta suojaa huonosti. ENIG on joissakin tapauksissa huonommin juotettavissa ja siin\u00e4 voi n\u00e4ky\u00e4 tummia tyynyvikoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.19 Legendan tulostus (C\/M PRINTING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Tulosta legendat ja merkinn\u00e4t legendamusteella. T\u00e4m\u00e4 helpottaa my\u00f6hemp\u00e4\u00e4 kokoonpanoa ja huoltoa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.20 Jyrsint\u00e4 ja profilointi (PROFILING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Leikkaa valmis levy UNIT- tai SET-kokoon CNC-jyrsimill\u00e4. Tee reunojen leikkaus ja urajyrsint\u00e4. Jos tarvitaan V-CUT, lis\u00e4\u00e4 vaiheet vastaavasti. T\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t parametrit: profiilin toleranssi, viisteen koko, sis\u00e4kulman s\u00e4de. J\u00e4t\u00e4 turvallinen et\u00e4isyys kuvioiden ja levyn reunan v\u00e4liin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.21 S\u00e4hk\u00f6testi (E-TEST)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n T\u00e4m\u00e4 on jatkuvuus- ja eristystesti. T\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t menetelm\u00e4t ovat kynsitesti ja lent\u00e4v\u00e4 koetin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nKynsis\u00e4ngyt: yleiset tai r\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4l\u00f6idyt kiinnikkeet. Yleiset kiinnikkeet maksavat enemm\u00e4n, mutta sopivat monille piirilevyille. R\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4l\u00f6idyt kiinnikkeet ovat halvempia osaa kohti, mutta vain tietyille piirilevyille.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Lent\u00e4v\u00e4 koetin: siirt\u00e4\u00e4 koettimia testiverkkoihin. Se on joustava ja hyv\u00e4 moniin pieniin ajoihin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3.22 OSP (orgaaninen juotettavuuden s\u00e4il\u00f6nt\u00e4aine)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n OSP muodostaa orgaanisen kalvon paljaille kuparityynyille ja l\u00e4pivientirei'ille s\u00e4hk\u00f6testin ja silm\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isen tarkastuksen j\u00e4lkeen. Kalvon paksuus on 0,3-0,5 \u03bcm. Hajoamisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tila noin 300 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t edut: litte\u00e4 pinnoitus, joka sopii pienille piirilevyille; yksinkertainen prosessi, v\u00e4h\u00e4inen saastuminen, alhaiset kustannukset ja hyv\u00e4 juotettavuus. Haitat: kalvo on ohut ja naarmuuntuu helposti. S\u00e4ilyvyysaika on lyhyt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nyky\u00e4\u00e4n ENIG + OSP -yhdistelmi\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n korkean tarkkuuden levyiss\u00e4. Ne antavat suojaa ja juotettavuutta ja ovat lyijyt\u00f6n vaihtoehto HASL:n korvaamiseksi joissakin tapauksissa. Kustannukset ovat korkeammat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3.23 Lopputarkastus (FINAL AUDIT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Tarkasta piirilevyn ulkon\u00e4k\u00f6, koko, s\u00e4hk\u00f6inen suorituskyky ja pinnoituslaatu. Varmista, ett\u00e4 kaikki vastaa suunnittelu- ja teollisuusstandardeja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.24 Pakkaus (PACKING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Pakkaa ohi kulkevat piirilevyt kosteuden ja naarmujen est\u00e4miseksi. Suojaa levyt kuljetuksen aikana ja s\u00e4ilyt\u00e4 ne hyvin my\u00f6hemp\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4 varten.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Below is the English translation. I used clear, simple wording and basic linking words (and, but, so, then, because). 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