Vika-analyysin perusvaiheet<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Piirilevyn vian tai vian tarkan syyn tai mekanismin selvitt\u00e4miseksi on noudatettava perusperiaatteita ja analyysivirtaa. Jos niit\u00e4 ei noudateta, saatat menett\u00e4\u00e4 arvokasta vikatietoa. Analyysi voi pys\u00e4hty\u00e4 tai antaa v\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6ksen. Yleinen perusvirta on seuraava.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ker\u00e4\u00e4 ensin vikaoireiden perusteella tietoja, tee toiminnallisia testej\u00e4, s\u00e4hk\u00f6testej\u00e4 ja yksinkertaisia silm\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isi\u00e4 tarkastuksia. N\u00e4iden avulla etsit\u00e4\u00e4n vikaantunut alue ja vikatila. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on vian paikallistamista tai vian paikallistamista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yksinkertaisille PCB:ille tai yksinkertaisille PCBA <\/a>levyt, ep\u00e4onnistunut osa on helppo l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4. Mutta monimutkaisissa laitteissa tai substraateissa, kuten esimerkiksi BGA <\/a>tai MCM-paketeissa vikoja ei ole helppo n\u00e4hd\u00e4 mikroskoopilla. Niit\u00e4 on aluksi vaikea l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4. Silloin tarvitaan muita menetelmi\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analysoi seuraavaksi vikamekanismi. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 fysikaalisia ja kemiallisia menetelmi\u00e4 tutkiaksesi piirilevyn vikaantumiseen johtanutta mekanismia. N\u00e4it\u00e4 mekanismeja voivat olla esimerkiksi kylm\u00e4t juotosliitokset, saastuminen, mekaaniset vauriot, kosteuden aiheuttama rasitus, dielektrinen korroosio, v\u00e4symisvauriot, CAF- tai ionimigraatio, j\u00e4nnityksen ylikuormitus ja niin edelleen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e4m\u00e4n j\u00e4lkeen analysoi vian perimm\u00e4inen syy. Etsi vikamekanismin ja valmistusprosessin perusteella syyt, jotka aiheuttivat mekanismin. Tee tarvittaessa kokeita syyn todentamiseksi. Sinun tulisi suorittaa testivarmennus aina kun mahdollista. Kokeilla voidaan l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 tarkka syy, joka johti vikaantumiseen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00e4in saadaan selke\u00e4 ja kohdennettu perusta seuraavalle parannusvaiheelle. Tee vika-analyysiraportti testitietojen, tosiasioiden ja analyysin johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6sten perusteella. Tosiasioiden on oltava selkeit\u00e4. Logiikan on oltava tiukka. Ulkoasun on oltava j\u00e4rjestyksess\u00e4. \u00c4l\u00e4 kuvittele syit\u00e4 ilman todisteita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u00e4yt\u00e4 analyysin aikana menetelmi\u00e4 yksinkertaisista monimutkaisiin, ulkopuolisista sis\u00e4isiin ja ei-tuhoavista tuhoaviin. Noudata n\u00e4it\u00e4 peruss\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4. Vain n\u00e4in voit v\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4 keskeisen tiedon menett\u00e4misen ja uusien, ihmisten luomien vikamekanismien lis\u00e4\u00e4misen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e4m\u00e4 on kuin liikenneonnettomuus. Jos toinen osapuoli tuhoaa tapahtumapaikan tai pakenee, edes taitava poliisi ei voi tehd\u00e4 oikeaa arviota vastuusta. Liikennelains\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4nt\u00f6 edellytt\u00e4\u00e4 yleens\u00e4, ett\u00e4 se osapuoli, joka pakeni tai tuhosi tapahtumapaikan, kantaa kaiken vastuun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sama p\u00e4tee my\u00f6s piirilevyjen tai PCBA:n vikojen analysointiin. Jos joku k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 juotosrautaa ep\u00e4onnistuneen juotosliitoksen korjaamiseen tai raskaita saksia piirilevyn leikkaamiseen, my\u00f6hempi analyysi on mahdotonta. Vikaantumispaikka tuhoutuu. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on erityisen huono asia silloin, kun ep\u00e4onnistuneita n\u00e4ytteit\u00e4 on vain muutama. Jos vikaantunut kohta on vaurioitunut, todellista syyt\u00e4 ei voida l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Optinen mikroskooppi on tarkoitettu p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa piirilevyn visuaaliseen tarkastukseen. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 sit\u00e4 l\u00f6yt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n vikaantunut alue ja siihen liittyv\u00e4t fyysiset todisteet. Se antaa ensimm\u00e4isen arvion vikaantumistavasta. Silm\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isell\u00e4 tarkastuksella etsit\u00e4\u00e4n piirilevyn saastumista, korroosiota, halkeamia, piirij\u00e4lki\u00e4 ja vikojen kuvioita. Tarkista esimerkiksi, tulevatko viat eriss\u00e4 vai ovatko ne yksitt\u00e4istapauksia. Tarkista, keskittyv\u00e4tk\u00f6 viat aina yhdelle alueelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u00e4yt\u00e4 r\u00f6ntgenkuvausj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4 sellaisten osien osalta, joita ei voida n\u00e4hd\u00e4 silm\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isesti, tai l\u00e4pivientireikien sis\u00e4isten vikojen ja muiden sis\u00e4isten vikojen osalta. R\u00f6ntgenkuvausj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4 toimii, koska eri paksuus- tai tiheysluokan materiaalit absorboivat tai l\u00e4p\u00e4isev\u00e4t r\u00f6ntgens\u00e4teit\u00e4 eri tavalla. N\u00e4in syntyy kuvia. R\u00f6ntgenkuvausta k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n usein PCBA-juotosliitosten sis\u00e4isten vikojen ja l\u00e4pivientireikien sis\u00e4isten vikojen tarkastamiseen sek\u00e4 viallisten juotosliitosten paikantamiseen suuritiheyksisiss\u00e4 pakkauksissa, kuten BGA- tai CSP-koteloissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Poikkileikkausanalyysi tarkoittaa n\u00e4ytteenottoa, upottamista, viipalointia, kiillottamista, sy\u00f6vytt\u00e4mist\u00e4 ja piirilevyn poikkileikkauksen tarkastelua. T\u00e4m\u00e4 prosessi osoittaa piirilevyn sis\u00e4isen rakenteen. Poikkileikkausanalyysin avulla saat runsaasti mikrorakennetietoa piirilevyn ominaisuuksista (kuten l\u00e4pivienneist\u00e4 ja pinnoituksesta). T\u00e4m\u00e4 auttaa ohjaamaan laadun parantamista. T\u00e4m\u00e4 menetelm\u00e4 on kuitenkin tuhoisa. Kun n\u00e4yte leikataan, se tuhoutuu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nyky\u00e4\u00e4n t\u00e4rkein ty\u00f6kalu pakkausten ja kokoonpanojen analysoinnissa on C-moodin akustinen pyyhk\u00e4isyyn perustuva mikroskooppi. Siin\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n suurtaajuisia ultra\u00e4\u00e4niaaltoja. N\u00e4m\u00e4 aallot heijastuvat materiaalin ep\u00e4jatkuvuuskohtiin. Amplitudin, vaiheen ja polariteetin muutosta k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kuvien muodostamiseen. Skannaus liikkuu Z-akselia pitkin X-Y-tason tietojen tallentamiseksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Siksi SAM pystyy havaitsemaan monia sis\u00e4isi\u00e4 vikoja komponenteissa, materiaaleissa ja piirilevyiss\u00e4 tai PCBA-levyiss\u00e4. Se l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 halkeamia, delaminaatiota, sulkeumia ja tyhji\u00f6it\u00e4. Jos SAM:n taajuusalue on riitt\u00e4v\u00e4n laaja, sill\u00e4 voidaan havaita my\u00f6s juotosliitosten sis\u00e4isi\u00e4 vikoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tyypillisiss\u00e4 SAM-kuvissa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n varoitusv\u00e4ri\u00e4, kuten punaista, osoittamaan vikoja. Siirrytt\u00e4ess\u00e4 lyijyllisist\u00e4 lyijytt\u00f6miin SMT-prosesseihin on ilmennyt monia kosteuteen liittyvi\u00e4 reflow-ongelmia. Kosteutta imev\u00e4t muovipaketit voivat delaminoitua tai halkeilla sis\u00e4lt\u00e4, kun ne sulatetaan uudelleen lyijytt\u00f6mien prosessien korkeammissa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tiloissa. My\u00f6s tavalliset piirilevyt voivat halkeilla tai delaminoitua n\u00e4iss\u00e4 korkeammissa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tiloissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e4ss\u00e4 tapauksessa SAM:lla on erityisi\u00e4 etuja monikerroksisten, tiheiden piirilevyjen rikkomattomassa testauksessa. Suuret n\u00e4kyv\u00e4t levyn halkeamat tai puhjenneet levyt voidaan kuitenkin yleens\u00e4 l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 yksinkertaisella silm\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isell\u00e4 tarkastuksella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mikroinfrapuna-analyysiss\u00e4 yhdistet\u00e4\u00e4n infrapunaspektroskopia ja mikroskooppi. Siin\u00e4 hy\u00f6dynnet\u00e4\u00e4n sit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 eri materiaalit - p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa orgaaniset materiaalit - absorboivat infrapunavaloa eri tavoin. N\u00e4in voidaan analysoida materiaalin kemiallisia komponentteja. Mikroskoopin avulla n\u00e4kyv\u00e4 valo ja infrapuna voivat k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 samaa valoreitti\u00e4. N\u00e4kyv\u00e4n kent\u00e4n alta voit l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 pieni\u00e4 m\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4 orgaanista ep\u00e4puhtautta analysoitavaksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ilman mikroskooppia infrapunaspektroskopiassa tarvitaan yleens\u00e4 suurempi n\u00e4ytem\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4. Elektroniikkaprosesseissa pienet ep\u00e4puhtaudet voivat aiheuttaa padin tai lyijyn huonon juotettavuuden. Ilman mikroskoopilla yhdistetty\u00e4 infrapunaa on siis vaikea ratkaista joitakin prosessiongelmia. Mikro-FTIR:\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa juotospintojen tai juotosliitosten orgaanisen kontaminaation analysointiin sek\u00e4 korroosion tai huonon juotettavuuden syiden analysointiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pyyhk\u00e4isyelektronimikroskooppi on hy\u00f6dyllinen suuri kuvantamisj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4 vikojen analysoinnissa. Sit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n morfologian havainnointiin. Nykyaikaiset SEM-laitteet ovat tehokkaita. Niill\u00e4 voidaan suurentaa hienoja rakenteita tai pintapiirteit\u00e4 satojatuhansia kertoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n PCB- tai juotosliitosten vika-analyysiss\u00e4 SEM on p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa vikamekanismien analysointiin. SEM:\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n erityisesti tyynyjen pintamorfologian ja juotosliitosten metallografisen rakenteen havainnointiin, intermetallisten yhdisteiden mittaamiseen, juotettavien pinnoitteiden analysointiin sek\u00e4 tinalevyjen analysointiin ja mittaamiseen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Optiseen mikroskooppiin verrattuna SEM muodostaa elektronikuvan, joten se on mustavalkoinen. SEM-n\u00e4ytteiden on oltava johtavia. Ei-johteiden ja joidenkin puolijohteiden osalta n\u00e4yte on p\u00e4\u00e4llystett\u00e4v\u00e4 kullalla tai hiilell\u00e4. Muuten n\u00e4ytteen pintaan kertyy varausta, joka vaikuttaa havainnointiin. SEM-kuvissa on paljon suurempi syv\u00e4ter\u00e4vyys kuin optisissa mikroskoopeissa. Metallografisten rakenteiden, mikromurtumapintojen ja tinaviiksien osalta SEM on t\u00e4rke\u00e4 analyysimenetelm\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DSC mittaa tehoeron testin\u00e4ytteen ja referenssin\u00e4ytteen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ohjelmallisesti ohjatussa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilassa. Se tallentaa tehoeron ja l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan tai ajan v\u00e4lisen suhteen. DSC tutkii, miten l\u00e4mp\u00f6 muuttuu l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan mukana. Sen avulla voidaan tutkia materiaalien fysikaalista, kemiallista ja termodynaamista k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DSC:ll\u00e4 on monia k\u00e4ytt\u00f6tarkoituksia. PCB-analyysiss\u00e4 DSC:t\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa PCB:ss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytettyjen polymeerien kovettumisasteen ja lasittumisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan (Tg) mittaamiseen. N\u00e4m\u00e4 kaksi parametria m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4v\u00e4t PCB:n luotettavuuden my\u00f6hemmiss\u00e4 prosessivaiheissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n TMA mittaa kiinteiden aineiden, nesteiden ja geelien muodonmuutosk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4 ohjelmallisesti ohjatun l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan tai mekaanisen voiman vaikutuksesta. Se tutkii termisen ja mekaanisen k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen v\u00e4list\u00e4 yhteytt\u00e4. Muodonmuutoksen ja l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan (tai ajan) v\u00e4lisest\u00e4 riippuvuudesta voidaan tutkia materiaalin fysikaalisia ja kemiallisia ominaisuuksia ja termodynamiikkaa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n PCB-analyysiss\u00e4 TMA mittaa p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa kahta keskeist\u00e4 parametria: lineaarista laajenemiskerrointa ja lasittumisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tilaa. Jos perusmateriaalilla on suuri laajenemiskerroin, piirilevy voi usein k\u00e4rsi\u00e4 metalloidun l\u00e4piviennin murtumisesta juottamisen ja kokoonpanon j\u00e4lkeen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n TGA mittaa aineen massanmuutosta ohjelmallisesti s\u00e4\u00e4detyss\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilassa tai ajassa. Tarkan vaa'an avulla TGA:lla voidaan seurata pieni\u00e4 massanmuutoksia valvotun l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Massanmuutos vs. l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila (tai aika) -k\u00e4yr\u00e4n avulla voit tutkia materiaalin fysikaalista ja kemiallista k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4 sek\u00e4 termodynamiikkaa. PCB-analyysiss\u00e4 TGA:ta k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa PCB-materiaalien l\u00e4mp\u00f6stabiilisuuden tai hajoamisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan mittaamiseen. Jos substraatin hajoamisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tila on liian alhainen, piirilevy delaminoituu tai halkeaa korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan juottamisen aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kun suunnittelet vika-analyysia, noudata selke\u00e4\u00e4, vaiheittaista l\u00e4hestymistapaa. Aloita visuaalisista ja rikkomattomista tarkastuksista. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6isi\u00e4 testej\u00e4 ja tiedonkeruuta. Siirry sitten kuvantamismenetelmiin, kuten r\u00f6ntgen- ja SAM-menetelmiin. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 tarvittaessa mikrokemiallisia ty\u00f6kaluja, kuten mikro-FTIR, ja pintakuvausta, kuten SEM. Varaa tuhoavat testit, kuten poikkileikkaus, silloin, kun tarvitset mikrorakennetietoa ja kun n\u00e4ytteen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 sallii tuhoamisen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kirjaa tiedot aina yl\u00f6s ja pid\u00e4 faktat selkein\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 yksinkertaisimpia loogisia vaiheita. Todista johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6kset mahdollisuuksien mukaan kokeilla. \u00c4l\u00e4 muuta tai vahingoita vikakohtaa ennen sen dokumentointia, sill\u00e4 kun vikakohtaa on muutettu, todellinen syy voi kadota. Noudata s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00e4: yksinkertaisesta monimutkaiseen, ulkopuolisesta sis\u00e4puoliseen, ei-tuhoavasta tuhoavaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 s\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4\u00e4 aikaa ja tuottaa oikeita analyysituloksia.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" PCB acts as the carrier for many components and as the hub for circuit signal transfer. It has become a 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acts as the carrier for many components and as the hub for circuit signal transfer. It has become a […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4698"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4706,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions\/4706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4702"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Vika-analyysitekniikat<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Optinen mikroskooppi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Optical](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nX-ray (r\u00f6ntgentarkastus)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"X-ray\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPoikkileikkausanalyysi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Cross-section](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPyyhk\u00e4isyakustinen mikroskooppi (SAM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Mikro-FTIR (mikroskooppinen infrapuna-analyysi)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Pyyhk\u00e4isyelektronimikroskooppi (SEM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e4mp\u00f6analyysi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Differentiaalinen pyyhk\u00e4isykalorimetria (DSC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"DSC\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nL\u00e4mp\u00f6mekaaninen analyysi (TMA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"TMA\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTermogravimetrinen analyysi (TGA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"TGA\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nLoppuhuomautukset ja muistutukset parhaista k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ist\u00e4<\/h1>\n\n\n\n