{"id":4709,"date":"2026-02-02T09:03:10","date_gmt":"2026-02-02T09:03:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4709"},"modified":"2026-02-02T09:03:16","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T09:03:16","slug":"common-problems-in-fpc-circuit-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/common-problems-in-fpc-circuit-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Yleiset ongelmat FPC-piirien suunnittelussa"},"content":{"rendered":"

FPC-piirin suunnittelu - yleiset ongelmat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Tyynyjen p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyys (lukuun ottamatta SMD-tyynyj\u00e4) tarkoittaa reikien p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyytt\u00e4.
    Kun rei\u00e4t menev\u00e4t p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4in, pora saattaa porata samaan kohtaan useita kertoja. Poranter\u00e4 voi rikkoutua. Reik\u00e4 voi vaurioitua. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa romua tai j\u00e4lkit\u00f6it\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Monikerroksisissa levyiss\u00e4 kaksi reik\u00e4\u00e4 voi olla p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4in.
    Esimerkiksi yksi reik\u00e4 on eristyslevy. Toinen reik\u00e4 on liit\u00e4nt\u00e4tyyny, jossa on l\u00e4mp\u00f6puolat (l\u00e4mp\u00f6eristys). Kun kalvo on piirretty, tuloksena voi olla vain eristysalusta. Osa voidaan romuttaa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    I. Tyynyjen p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyys<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Tyynyjen p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyys (lukuun ottamatta pinta-asennettavia tyynyj\u00e4) tarkoittaa reikien p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyytt\u00e4.
      Porauksessa pora poraa yht\u00e4 paikkaa monta kertaa. Poranter\u00e4 voi rikkoutua. Reik\u00e4 vaurioituu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Monikerroksisissa levyiss\u00e4 kaksi reik\u00e4\u00e4 voi olla p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4in.
      Esimerkiksi yksi reik\u00e4 on eristyslevy. Toinen reik\u00e4 on liit\u00e4nt\u00e4tyyny, esimerkiksi l\u00e4mm\u00f6neristystyyny. Kun kalvo on tehty, kuvassa voi n\u00e4ky\u00e4 eristystyyny. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa hylk\u00e4\u00e4misen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n

      II. Graafisten tasojen v\u00e4\u00e4rink\u00e4ytt\u00f6<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Joillakin graafisilla kerroksilla on hy\u00f6dytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 j\u00e4lki\u00e4. Nelikerroksinen levy voidaan piirt\u00e4\u00e4 viivoilla kuin viisikerroksinen levy. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa sekaannusta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Ajan s\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4miseksi jotkut suunnittelijat k\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4t Protelissa Board-tasoa useiden kerrosten viivoille. He piirt\u00e4v\u00e4t my\u00f6s huomautusviivat Board-kerrokseen. Kun he tekev\u00e4t valokuvatietoja, he eiv\u00e4t v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 valitse Board-kerrosta. Silloin jotkut j\u00e4ljet h\u00e4vi\u00e4v\u00e4t ja piiri on avoin. Tai sitten he saattavat valita Board-kerroksen merkint\u00e4viivat ja tehd\u00e4 oikosulun. Pid\u00e4 siis graafiset kerrokset t\u00e4ydellisin\u00e4 ja selkein\u00e4, kun suunnittelet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Keskeyt\u00e4 normaali k\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6. Esimerkiksi komponenttipuolen sijoittaminen pohjakerrokseen ja juotospuolen sijoittaminen yl\u00e4kerrokseen. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tekee kokoonpanosta ja juottamisesta vaikeaa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \"Random<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
        \n\n\n\n

        III. Silkkipainotekstin satunnainen sijoittelu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Teksti voi peitt\u00e4\u00e4 tyynyj\u00e4 tai SMD-maita. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vaikeuttaa s\u00e4hk\u00f6testausta ja komponenttien juottamista.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Jos teksti on liian pient\u00e4, silkkipainatus on vaikeaa. Jos teksti on liian suuri, kirjaimet menev\u00e4t p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4in ja niit\u00e4 on vaikea lukea.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \"Misuse<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \n\n\n\n

          IV. Reik\u00e4koon asettaminen yksipuolisille tyynyille<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. Yksisivuisiin tyynyihin ei yleens\u00e4 tarvita reiki\u00e4. Jos reik\u00e4 tarvitaan, merkitse se selv\u00e4sti. Jos reik\u00e4\u00e4 ei tarvita, rei\u00e4n koko on asetettava nollaan. Jos asetetaan numeerinen arvo, porausdata sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 kyseisen rei\u00e4n koordinaatin ja aiheuttaa ongelmia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          2. Jos yksipuoliseen tyynyyn tarvitaan reik\u00e4, merkitse se erityisesti.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \n\n\n\n

            V. T\u00e4ytettyjen alueiden k\u00e4ytt\u00e4minen tyynyjen piirt\u00e4miseen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            1. Jos piirr\u00e4t padeja t\u00e4ytetyill\u00e4 alueilla, malli voi l\u00e4p\u00e4ist\u00e4 DRC:n. Mutta valmistus ei voi k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 t\u00e4llaisia tyynyj\u00e4. N\u00e4m\u00e4 pseudotyynyt eiv\u00e4t pysty tuottamaan oikeaa juotosmaskidataa. Juotosmaskia levitett\u00e4ess\u00e4 t\u00e4ytetty alue peittyy juotosmaskin alle. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vaikeuttaa komponenttien juottamista.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
              \n\n\n\n

              VI. Virta- tai maadoitusalueet, jotka ovat sek\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6alustoja ett\u00e4 j\u00e4lki\u00e4.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              1. Jos virta- tai maadoitusalue piirret\u00e4\u00e4n l\u00e4mp\u00f6suojatyynyiksi, kuva todellisessa levyss\u00e4 on p\u00e4invastainen kuin suunnitelmassa. Kaikki j\u00e4ljet ovat eristysj\u00e4lki\u00e4. Suunnittelijoiden on oltava t\u00e4st\u00e4 selvill\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              2. Kun ved\u00e4t useita virta- tai maadoituseristysryhmi\u00e4, ole varovainen. \u00c4l\u00e4 j\u00e4t\u00e4 aukkoa, joka aiheuttaa kahden tehoryhm\u00e4n oikosulun. \u00c4l\u00e4 est\u00e4 kytkent\u00e4\u00e4 tarvitsevaa aluetta ja jaa tehovy\u00f6hykett\u00e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                \n\n\n\n

                VII. Valmistuspinon ja kerrosj\u00e4rjestyksen ep\u00e4selv\u00e4 m\u00e4\u00e4ritelm\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                1. Jos yksipuolinen piirilevy suunnitellaan vain TOP-kerrokselle eik\u00e4 siihen lis\u00e4t\u00e4 huomautusta, ei ole selv\u00e4\u00e4, kumpi puoli on etu- vai takapuoli. Valmistettua levy\u00e4 voi olla vaikea juottaa sen j\u00e4lkeen, kun osat on sijoitettu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                2. Esimerkiksi nelikerroksinen levy voidaan suunnitella seuraavasti: TOP, MID1, MID2, BOTTOM. Jos valmistaja ei pinoa kerroksia samassa j\u00e4rjestyksess\u00e4, syntyy ongelmia. Lis\u00e4\u00e4 siis selke\u00e4t huomautukset kerrosten j\u00e4rjestyksest\u00e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                  \n\n\n\n

                  VIII. Liian monta t\u00e4ytt\u00f6aluetta tai hyvin ohuilla viivoilla t\u00e4ytetyt t\u00e4ytt\u00f6alueet.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  1. Valokuvatiedot voivat olla ep\u00e4t\u00e4ydellisi\u00e4 ja tiedot voivat kadota.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  2. Photoplotissa t\u00e4ytt\u00f6alueet piirret\u00e4\u00e4n monina viivoina. T\u00e4m\u00e4 luo hyvin suuren tietokokonaisuuden. Suuri tietom\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 tekee tietojen k\u00e4sittelyst\u00e4 vaikeaa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n

                    IX. SMD-tyynyt liian lyhyet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    1. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vaikuttaa s\u00e4hk\u00f6iseen jatkuvuustestiin. Eritt\u00e4in tihe\u00e4ss\u00e4 SMD <\/a>osissa tyynyjen v\u00e4li on pieni ja tyynyjen leveys on ohut. Testitapit on sijoitettava porrastetusti yl\u00f6s ja alas tai vasemmalle ja oikealle. Jos tyyny on liian lyhyt, testitapit eiv\u00e4t v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 paikannu. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tekee testist\u00e4 vaikean, vaikka osa voidaankin sijoittaa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                      \n\n\n\n

                      X. Suurten kuparialueiden verkko on liian pienikokoinen.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      1. Suuren kupariverkon kohdalla viiva reunasta reunaan voi olla liian pieni (alle 0,3 mm). Levyn valmistuksen aikana, kehittelyn j\u00e4lkeen, levylle voi tarttua monia pieni\u00e4 kalvopaloja. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voi aiheuttaa avoimia viivoja.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                        \n\n\n\n

                        XI. Suuri kuparialue liian l\u00e4hell\u00e4 hallituksen \u00e4\u00e4riviivoja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        1. Suuren kuparialueen on oltava v\u00e4hint\u00e4\u00e4n 0,2 mm:n p\u00e4\u00e4ss\u00e4 levyn \u00e4\u00e4riviivasta. Jos reititys tai jyrsint\u00e4 leikkaa kuparialuetta, kupari voi nousta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voi aiheuttaa juotosmaskin irtoamisen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                          \n\n\n\n

                          XII. Ep\u00e4selv\u00e4 hallituksen p\u00e4\u00e4piirteitt\u00e4inen suunnittelu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          1. Jotkut asiakkaat piirt\u00e4v\u00e4t levyn \u00e4\u00e4riviivat Pid\u00e4-kerrokselle, Levykerrokselle ja P\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4iskerrokselle, eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 \u00e4\u00e4riviivat t\u00e4sm\u00e4\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4n vuoksi piirilevyn valmistajan on vaikea tiet\u00e4\u00e4, mit\u00e4 \u00e4\u00e4riviivoja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                            \n\n\n\n

                            XIII. Ep\u00e4tasainen graafinen suunnittelu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                              \n
                            1. Galvanoinnin aikana ep\u00e4tasaiset kuviot aiheuttavat ep\u00e4tasaista pinnoitusta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vaikuttaa laatuun.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                              \n\n\n\n

                              XIV. Kun kuparivalut ovat suuria, k\u00e4yt\u00e4 verkkoa SMT-tyhji\u00f6iden v\u00e4ltt\u00e4miseksi.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                                \n
                              1. Kun kuparin valualue on suuri, k\u00e4yt\u00e4 verkkokuviota. T\u00e4m\u00e4 v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 kuplien tai delaminaation mahdollisuutta SMT-reflowin aikana.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                                \n\n\n\n

                                FPC-levyn pintaviat ja ratkaisut<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                                Seuraavassa luetellaan yleisi\u00e4 pintavikoja FPC-joustavat levyt<\/a> ja antaa selv\u00e4t syyt ja korjaukset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                1. Kuplia raitojen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 tai yhdell\u00e4 raidalla kehityksen j\u00e4lkeen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e4rkein syy:<\/strong> Raiteiden v\u00e4liset tai yksitt\u00e4isen raiteen kuplat syntyv\u00e4t yleens\u00e4 silloin, kun raidev\u00e4li on liian kapea ja raidekorkeus liian suuri. Seulapainatuksen aikana juotosmaski ei p\u00e4\u00e4se korkeiden raitojen v\u00e4liss\u00e4 olevaan pohjamateriaaliin. Ilma tai kosteus j\u00e4\u00e4 juotosmaskin ja pohjamateriaalin v\u00e4liin. Kovettumisen ja valotuksen aikana loukkuun j\u00e4\u00e4nyt kaasu laajenee ja muodostaa kuplia. Yhden kappaleen kappale on liian korkea. Kun puristin koskettaa rataa suuremmassa kulmassa, juotosmaski ei p\u00e4\u00e4se radan juureen. Kaasu j\u00e4\u00e4 kappaleen juuren ja juotosmaskin v\u00e4liin. L\u00e4mp\u00f6 aiheuttaa kuplia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Korjaa:<\/strong> Tarkasta seulapainatuksen aikana. Varmista, ett\u00e4 juotosmaski peitt\u00e4\u00e4 t\u00e4ysin pohjan ja radan sivusein\u00e4t. Hallitse pinnoitusvirtaa tiukasti galvanoinnissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                2. Juotosmaski rei'iss\u00e4 ja pienet neulanreik\u00e4viat kuviossa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e4rkein syy:<\/strong> Kun silkkipainatusta ei tehd\u00e4 ajoissa, silkkipainoon kertyy v\u00e4riainej\u00e4\u00e4mi\u00e4. Puristimen paineessa ylij\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4muste voi puristua reikiin. My\u00f6s alhainen seulan silm\u00e4luku p\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4\u00e4 painov\u00e4ri\u00e4 reikiin. Valokuvamaskin lika aiheuttaa sen, ett\u00e4 alueet, joiden pit\u00e4isi olla valottuneita, eiv\u00e4t valotu. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa kuvioon reiki\u00e4 valotuksen aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Korjaa:<\/strong> Tee oikea-aikainen silkkipainatus ja k\u00e4yt\u00e4 suurempia silm\u00e4lukuja. Tarkista valomaskin puhtaus valotuksen aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                3. Kuparij\u00e4lkien tummuminen juotosmaskin alla<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e4rkein syy:<\/strong> Levyn pyyhkimisen j\u00e4lkeen vesi ei kuivunut. Levyn pinta kastui ennen juotosmaskin tulostusta. Tai ihmisen sormi tai k\u00e4si kosketti levy\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Korjaa:<\/strong> Tarkista silm\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isesti molempien kuparipintojen hapettuminen silkkipainatuksen aikana. Varmista, ett\u00e4 levy on kuiva ja puhdas ennen painamista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                4. Pinnan lika ja ep\u00e4tasainen pinta<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e4rkein syy:<\/strong> Lika tulee p\u00f6lyst\u00e4 ja ilmassa lent\u00e4vist\u00e4 kuiduista. Ep\u00e4tasainen pinta syntyy, kun n\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4 ei ole puhdistettu ja v\u00e4riainej\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t ovat j\u00e4\u00e4neet n\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n ja painuneet kartonkiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Korjaa:<\/strong> Pid\u00e4 huone puhtaana ja pid\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4t puhtaina. Est\u00e4 muita kuin v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6mi\u00e4 henkil\u00f6it\u00e4 k\u00e4velem\u00e4st\u00e4 puhdastilassa. Puhdista huone usein. Tulosta seulapainatuksen aikana paperille ajoissa, jotta painov\u00e4rij\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t saadaan poistettua seulalta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                5. Rekister\u00f6intivirheet ja sakkohalkeamat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e4rkein syy:<\/strong> Virherekister\u00f6inti tapahtuu, kun levy\u00e4 ei kiinnitet\u00e4 tiukasti silkkipainon aikana. Seulaan j\u00e4\u00e4nytt\u00e4 painov\u00e4ri\u00e4 ei poisteta ajoissa, ja se painuu kartongille kuvioittain, jolloin pisteit\u00e4 ilmestyy tyynyjen l\u00e4helle. Hienoja halkeamia syntyy, kun valotus on liian heikko. Valoannos tai aika ei ole riitt\u00e4v\u00e4, joten muodostuu pieni\u00e4 halkeamia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Korjaa:<\/strong> K\u00e4yt\u00e4 levyn kiinnitt\u00e4miseen kohdistustappeja. Poista v\u00e4riainej\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t n\u00e4yt\u00f6lt\u00e4 tulostamalla usein paperille. S\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4 valotus niin, ett\u00e4 lampun energia ja valotusaika antavat hyv\u00e4n valotustason. Tavoittele valotusindeksi\u00e4 sopivalla alueella, jotta halkeamia ei muodostu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                6. V\u00e4riero kahden puolen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ja puuttuva painatus (valkoiset t\u00e4pl\u00e4t).<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u00e4rkein syy:<\/strong> Molemmilla puolilla on erilainen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 puristimia tulostuksen aikana. Tai vanhat ja uudet painov\u00e4rit sekoittuivat. Esimerkiksi toisella puolella k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n sekoitettua uutta painov\u00e4ri\u00e4 ja toisella puolella vanhaa, pitk\u00e4ksi j\u00e4tetty\u00e4 painov\u00e4ri\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Puuttuva tulostus tai \u201cohitettu tulostus\u201d tapahtuu, kun galvanointivirta on liian suuri. Galvanointi rakentaa viivan liian korkeaksi. Seulapainatuksen aikana korkea viivan korkeus aiheuttaa sen, ett\u00e4 puristin ei laske mustetta radan sivuille. Toinen syy on se, ett\u00e4 puristimen ter\u00e4ss\u00e4 on lovi. Viiltoalue ei laske mustetta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Korjaa:<\/strong> Pid\u00e4 puristimien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 tasaisena molemmilla puolilla. \u00c4l\u00e4 sekoita vanhaa ja uutta mustetta. Hallitse pinnoitusvirtaa. Tarkista, ettei puristimen ter\u00e4ss\u00e4 ole kolhuja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n\n\n\n

                                Lyhyt yhteenveto FPC:n suunnittelun ja valmistuksen t\u00e4rkeimmist\u00e4 tarkistuksista<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                                  \n
                                1. Tarkista alustan p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyys ja rei\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4isyys ennen poraustietojen tekemist\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                2. Pid\u00e4 tasojen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6 selke\u00e4n\u00e4 \u00e4l\u00e4k\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00e4 Board-tasoa v\u00e4\u00e4rin viivoihin ja merkint\u00f6ihin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                3. Sijoita silkkipainoteksti poisp\u00e4in tyynyist\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 luettavia kokoja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                4. Merkitse yhden puolen tyynyn rei\u00e4t selv\u00e4sti tai aseta reik\u00e4koko nollaan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                5. \u00c4l\u00e4 piirr\u00e4 tyynyj\u00e4 t\u00e4ytettyin\u00e4 lohkoina, jos tarvitset kunnollisen juotosmaskin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                6. Ole selvill\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6reliefien ja kuparivalujen suhteen. V\u00e4lt\u00e4 tahatonta erist\u00e4mist\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                7. Dokumentoi kerrospino ja rakennusj\u00e4rjestys valmistajalle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                8. V\u00e4lt\u00e4 liikaa t\u00e4ytt\u00f6alueita tai hyvin hienoja t\u00e4ytt\u00f6viivoja. Pid\u00e4 datan koko kohtuullisena.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                9. Tee SMD-tyynyist\u00e4 riitt\u00e4v\u00e4n pitki\u00e4, jotta koettimella p\u00e4\u00e4see testeihin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                10. Pid\u00e4 suurten kupariverkkojen verkkojako kohtuullisena (>= 0,3 mm reunojen v\u00e4lill\u00e4).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                11. Pid\u00e4 suuret kuparialueet v\u00e4hint\u00e4\u00e4n 0,2 mm:n p\u00e4\u00e4ss\u00e4 levyn reunasta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                12. Laadi yksi selke\u00e4 taulun hahmotelma. \u00c4l\u00e4 laita useita erilaisia \u00e4\u00e4riviivoja eri kerroksille.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                13. Tasapainota kuvion tiheys ep\u00e4tasaisen pinnoituksen v\u00e4ltt\u00e4miseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                14. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 verkkoa suurissa kuparivaluissa SMT-ongelmien v\u00e4ltt\u00e4miseksi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  FPC Circuit Design \u2014 Common Problems I. Overlap of Pads II. Misuse of Graphic Layers III. Random Placement of Silkscreen 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