{"id":4722,"date":"2026-02-25T06:02:44","date_gmt":"2026-02-25T06:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4722"},"modified":"2026-02-25T06:02:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T06:02:48","slug":"why-via-impedance-is-hard-to-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/why-via-impedance-is-hard-to-control\/","title":{"rendered":"Miksi Via-impedanssia on vaikea hallita"},"content":{"rendered":"

Menimme piirilevyliikkeeseen ja kysyimme heilt\u00e4: \u201cPystyttek\u00f6 hallitsemaan j\u00e4lkiimpedanssia 10%:n sis\u00e4ll\u00e4?\u201d. He vastaisivat sinulle t\u00e4ydell\u00e4 luottamuksella: \u201cEi ongelmaa!\u201d Jos hieman painostaisit ja pyyt\u00e4isit 8%, he saattaisivat mietti\u00e4 hetken ja sitten vastata: \u201cEi, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei! \u201dOkei (sis\u00e4kerroksille)!\u201c Jos sitten kysyt: \u201dYst\u00e4vyyden pieni vene saattaa... k\u00e4\u00e4nty\u00e4!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ydinkysymys: Impedanssitoleranssi: J\u00e4ljet vs. viat Impedanssitoleranssi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sek\u00e4 j\u00e4ljet ett\u00e4 l\u00e4piviennit yhdist\u00e4v\u00e4t l\u00e4hetinpiirit. Miksi siis j\u00e4lki\u00e4 voidaan pit\u00e4\u00e4 10%:n l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilassa, mutta l\u00e4pivientej\u00e4 ei? Tied\u00e4mme, ett\u00e4 my\u00f6sk\u00e4\u00e4n johtoja ei ole helppo valvoa. J\u00e4lkiimpedanssiin vaikuttavat muun muassa sy\u00f6vytystekij\u00e4, kerrossiirtym\u00e4 ja pinnan karheus. Mikroliuskajohtojen osalta my\u00f6s juotosmaskilla ja kuparin paksuudella on merkityst\u00e4. Silti monet valtavirran piirilevyliikkeet voivat taata 10% tai jopa 8% impedanssitoleranssin j\u00e4lkien osalta. L\u00e4pivientien osalta tiet\u00e4\u00e4kseni yksik\u00e4\u00e4n piirilevyliike ei lupaa valvoa l\u00e4pivientien impedanssia 10%:n rajoissa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 l\u00e4pivientien osalta on monia tekij\u00f6it\u00e4, joita piirilevyliikkeet eiv\u00e4t voi hallita, joten ne eiv\u00e4t voi taata sit\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mit\u00e4 t\u00e4m\u00e4 artikkeli kattaa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e4ss\u00e4 artikkelissa esittelen ensin kaksi via-prosessia: poraus ja via-t\u00e4ytt\u00f6. Monet tiet\u00e4v\u00e4t, ett\u00e4 porauksella on merkityst\u00e4, mutta kuinka paljon porauksen toleranssi vaikuttaa via-suorituskykyyn? T\u00e4yt\u00f6n osalta monet luulevat, ett\u00e4 l\u00e4piviennin t\u00e4ytt\u00e4minen hartsilla tai juotosmaskilla muuttaa l\u00e4piviennin suorituskyky\u00e4. Testaamme n\u00e4it\u00e4 vaikutuksia simuloinnin avulla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Porausprosessi ja sen vaikutus Via-suorituskykyyn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ensin poraaminen. Kuulemme usein kaksi nime\u00e4: porakoko ja valmiin rei\u00e4n koko. Jos suunnittelemme 8 milin rei\u00e4n piirilevytiedostossamme, luuletko, ett\u00e4 tehdas k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 8 milin poranter\u00e4\u00e4? Ei tietenk\u00e4\u00e4n. L\u00e4piviennin on yhdistett\u00e4v\u00e4 eri kerroksissa olevat j\u00e4ljet. Reik\u00e4 on pinnoitettava niin, ett\u00e4 kupari kulkee pystysuoraan rei\u00e4n l\u00e4pi. Se on l\u00e4pip\u00e4\u00e4llystetty\u00e4 kuparia. IPC-standardin mukaan l\u00e4piviedyn kuparin paksuudelle on asetettu vaatimukset, jotka ovat noin 18 \u00b5m - 20 \u00b5m. Tehtaat siis takaavat, ett\u00e4 rei\u00e4n paksuus on 8 millimetri\u00e4 pinnoituksen j\u00e4lkeen. T\u00e4m\u00e4 lopullinen koko on valmis reik\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 alkuper\u00e4isen porakoon on oltava suurempi kuin 8 millimetri\u00e4. Kuinka paljon suurempi? 10 millimetri\u00e4? 12 millimetri\u00e4? T\u00e4ll\u00e4 kokoerolla on suuri vaikutus via-suorituskykyyn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehtaan poratoleranssis\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6jen mukaan 0,2 mm:n (8 mil) valmiiseen reik\u00e4\u00e4n tarvitaan v\u00e4hint\u00e4\u00e4n 0,25 mm:n (10 mil) poranter\u00e4. Jos et m\u00e4\u00e4rit\u00e4 tiukempaa ohjausta, tehdas saattaa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 0,3 mm:n (12 mil) poranter\u00e4\u00e4. Kaikki tiet\u00e4v\u00e4t, ett\u00e4 suurempi pora tekee pienemm\u00e4n impedanssin. Mutta kuinka paljon pienempi? Simulointituloksemme voivat n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 sen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Simulointi osoittaa, ett\u00e4 0,2 mm:n ja 0,3 mm:n l\u00e4pivientien impedanssiero on yli 5 ohmia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jos tarkastelemme kautta aiheutuneita tappioita, voimme my\u00f6s n\u00e4hd\u00e4 selvi\u00e4 eroja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e4ss\u00e4 yksitt\u00e4isess\u00e4 porausprosessissa pelk\u00e4st\u00e4\u00e4n ty\u00f6st\u00f6toleranssi voi aiheuttaa yli 10%:n vaihtelun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. T\u00e4yt\u00f6n kautta: Simulointi ja tulokset<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nyt t\u00e4yt\u00f6n kautta. Monet yst\u00e4v\u00e4t kysyiv\u00e4t, vaikuttaako via-t\u00e4ytt\u00f6 via-suorituskykyyn. Kerroin heille: \u201cEi vaikutusta! Ei vaikutusta!\u201d He uskoivat minua, mutta ep\u00e4iliv\u00e4t silti. Niinp\u00e4 tein simulaatioita tarkistaakseni asian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alla olevassa kuvassa on mallit t\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6mille ja t\u00e4ytetyille l\u00e4pivienneille. Punainen tarkoittaa hartsia tai juotosmaskia, joka t\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4piviennin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Return<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vertailimme paluuh\u00e4vi\u00f6t\u00e4 ja lis\u00e4ysh\u00e4vi\u00f6t\u00e4 n\u00e4iss\u00e4 kahdessa tapauksessa. Miksi linjoja on vain yksi? Koska linjat ovat p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4in. Miksi ne menev\u00e4t p\u00e4\u00e4llekk\u00e4in? Koska sill\u00e4 ei ole vaikutusta. Tulokset ovat samat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoreettinen syy: Miksi t\u00e4yt\u00f6ll\u00e4 ei ole merkityst\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kaikki, jotka tuntevat jonkin verran suurnopeusteoriaa, tiet\u00e4v\u00e4t, ett\u00e4 suuremmalla nopeudella signaalissa n\u00e4kyy skin-ilmi\u00f6. Signaali virtaa l\u00e4hell\u00e4 via-ulkosein\u00e4\u00e4. Joten riippumatta siit\u00e4, mik\u00e4 dielektrinen aine on l\u00e4piviennin sis\u00e4ll\u00e4, signaalin ja referenssin v\u00e4linen s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettinen kentt\u00e4 ei kietoudu l\u00e4piviennin sis\u00e4puolelle. Jos sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 ei ole kentt\u00e4\u00e4, l\u00e4piviennin sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 olevalla materiaalilla ei ole mit\u00e4\u00e4n vaikutusta.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

We went to a PCB shop and asked them: \u201cCan you control trace impedance to within 10%?\u201d They would answer 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