{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Miten CTE vaikuttaa PCB:n luotettavuuteen ja suunnitteluun"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Materiaalin l\u00e4mp\u00f6laajenemiskerroin (CTE) on yksi materiaalin fysikaalinen ominaisuus. Kun l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila muuttuu, osa muuttaa muotoaan ja siihen kohdistuu j\u00e4nnityksi\u00e4. Emme voi est\u00e4\u00e4 sit\u00e4. Kaikkien elektroniikkatuotteiden valmistuksen ydin on vaatimusten mukaisten osien asettaminen piirilevylle (PCB). Liit\u00e4mme osat piirilevyyn juottamalla. Osoitteessa <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\">l\u00e4pireik\u00e4tekniikka (THT)<\/a>, osissa on johtoja. Kun levy taipuu tai laajenee, johto taipuu ja imee itseens\u00e4 j\u00e4nnityst\u00e4. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in osan runkoon kohdistuu v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n rasitusta. Pidemm\u00e4t johtimet merkitsev\u00e4t siis sit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 osan runkoon kohdistuu v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n rasitusta. L\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan muutoksesta johtuva juotosj\u00e4nnitys vaikuttaa t\u00e4ll\u00f6in p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa juotosliitokseen ja tyynyyn. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vaikuttaa juotoksen luotettavuuteen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kun k\u00e4yt\u00e4mme <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-assembly\/smt-assembly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1923\">pinta-asennustekniikka (SMT)<\/a>, voimme laittaa lis\u00e4\u00e4 osia levylle. Mutta osilla ei ole pitki\u00e4 johtoja, jotka voisivat ime\u00e4 stressi\u00e4. J\u00e4nnitys menee suoraan osan runkoon. Se voi rikkoa osan tai juotosliitoksen, jos levy ja osa laajenevat eri nopeudella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FR4-perusmateriaalin CTE-ominaisuudet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">Yleinen lasikuituvahvisteinen perusmateriaali (fr4)<\/a> on erilainen CTE z-akselilla (levyn paksuuden l\u00e4pi) ja x-y-tasossa (levy\u00e4 pitkin). Levy laajenee enemm\u00e4n z-akselilla, kun l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila nousee. Kun materiaali on alle lasittumisl\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan Tg, materiaali on lasitilassa ja sen CTE on pieni. Kutsumme t\u00e4t\u00e4 CTE-arvoa a1. Kun materiaali on Tg:n yl\u00e4puolella, materiaali on kumimaisessa tilassa ja sen CTE on suurempi. Kutsumme t\u00e4t\u00e4 CTE-arvoa a2:ksi. Yleens\u00e4 a2 on noin kolme kertaa a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Esimerkiksi kun l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila on alle Tg:n, lasikuituepoksin CTE x- ja y-suunnissa ei my\u00f6sk\u00e4\u00e4n ole sama. Se eroaa noin 1-5 ppm\/\u00b0C. Z-suunnassa se on noin 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. Kun suuressa pinta-asennettavassa laitteessa CTE vastaa levyn CTE:t\u00e4, t\u00e4ll\u00e4 erolla on paljon merkityst\u00e4. Se auttaa lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n juotosliitoksen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6ik\u00e4\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE:n vaikutus PTH:hen ja mikroviasiin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE on t\u00e4rke\u00e4 tekij\u00e4 PWA:n asennetuissa l\u00e4pivientirei'iss\u00e4 ja mikroviassa. N\u00e4iden l\u00e4pivientien kuvasuhde (eli levyn paksuus jaettuna rei\u00e4n halkaisijalla) on yleens\u00e4 suurempi kuin paljaaseen levyyn juuri valmiiksi poratun rei\u00e4n kuvasuhde. Prosesseissa, kuten SMT-reflow, kappaleen poisto, korjausreflow, levyn valmistus, pallon kiinnitys, kuumailmapohjustus ja aaltojuottaminen, suuri z-suuntainen CTE aiheuttaa liikaa PTH:n vetoj\u00e4nnityst\u00e4. Se voi aiheuttaa vikoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kun valitset levyn pohjamateriaalia, sinun on siis ensin mietitt\u00e4v\u00e4, vastaako sen CTE asennettavien osien CTE:t\u00e4. Jos ne eiv\u00e4t vastaa toisiaan, sinun on ryhdytt\u00e4v\u00e4 korvaaviin toimenpiteisiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE:n perusm\u00e4\u00e4ritelm\u00e4 ja merkitys PCB:n osalta<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Monet ihmiset k\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4t sanaa CTE puhuessaan PCB:st\u00e4. Mutta kuinka moni todella tiet\u00e4\u00e4, mit\u00e4 CTE tarkoittaa ja miten CTE alkaa vaikuttaa piirilevyyn?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE tarkoittaa l\u00e4mp\u00f6laajenemiskerrointa. Se osoittaa koon prosentuaalisen muutoksen, kun piirilevy\u00e4 l\u00e4mmitet\u00e4\u00e4n tai j\u00e4\u00e4hdytet\u00e4\u00e4n. Kaikki maailman materiaalit laajenevat tai kutistuvat hieman l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan my\u00f6t\u00e4. Esimerkiksi talo on kes\u00e4ll\u00e4 hieman suurempi kuin talvella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jotkin materiaalit kutistuvat kuumennettaessa, mutta useimmat laajenevat hieman kuumennettaessa. Laajeneminen ilmoitetaan miljoonasosina celsiusastetta kohti (ppm\/\u00b0C). Jos piirilevy laajenee sivusuunnassa 14 ppm\/\u00b0C, se tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 jos piirilevy olisi miljoona tuumaa pitk\u00e4, se kasvaisi 14 tuumaa jokaista 1 \u00b0C:n nousua kohti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE Ep\u00e4suhta PCB: n ja piisirujen v\u00e4lill\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tyypillisen fr4-laminaatin CTE on 14-17 ppm\/\u00b0C. Se n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 hyv\u00e4lt\u00e4, kunnes sit\u00e4 verrataan suureen piisiruun. Monien piisirujen CTE on l\u00e4hell\u00e4 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Ero laajenemisessa on riitt\u00e4v\u00e4n suuri - erityisesti suurissa BGA-paketeissa - jotta piirilevyn ja sirun l\u00e4mmetess\u00e4 piirilevy laajenee enemm\u00e4n kuin siru. T\u00e4m\u00e4 ylim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4inen liike voi vet\u00e4\u00e4 juotosliitoksia irti sirusta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Piirilevyjen n\u00e4k\u00f6kulmasta valmistajat k\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4t usein matalan CTE-materiaalin materiaaleja. Mutta miten CTE vaikuttaa piirilevyyn ja siihen, miten me suunnittelemme ja valmistamme sen?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PCB-materiaalien ja komponenttien tyypilliset CTE-arvot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Materiaali \/ komponentti<\/th><th>CTE (X-Y-suunta) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>CTE (Z-suunta) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>Huomautukset<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standardi FR-4 laminaatti<\/td><td>14 - 17<\/td><td>60 - 70 (Tg:n yl\u00e4puolella voi olla &gt;200)<\/td><td>Yleisin PCB-materiaali<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Korkea Tg FR-4<\/td><td>12 - 16<\/td><td>50 - 60<\/td><td>Parempi l\u00e4mm\u00f6nkest\u00e4vyys<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Polyimidi PCB-materiaali<\/td><td>12 - 14<\/td><td>40 - 50<\/td><td>K\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan sovelluksissa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kupari<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>Viitejohtimen materiaali<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Piisiru<\/td><td>2,6 - 3 (irtotavarana oleva pii)<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Paketin tehollinen ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BGA-kotelo (tyypillinen)<\/td><td>6 - 10<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Riippuu alustatyypist\u00e4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Keraaminen pakkaus<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Hyv\u00e4 CTE-yhteensopivuus piin kanssa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alumiini<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>K\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n metalliydinpiirilevyiss\u00e4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kupari-Invar-kupari (CIC) -ydin<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>Matala CTE-metalliydin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kupari-molybdeeni-kupari (CMC) ydin<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>Eritt\u00e4in alhainen CTE-metalliydin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aramidi \/ Kevlar ydin<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>Matala CTE-komposiittimateriaali<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Low-CTE PCB Core -ratkaisut<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kun valitsemme laminaattia, tarkastelemme muun muassa Tg:n, dielektrisyysvakion Dk:n ja h\u00e4vi\u00f6kertoimen Df:n kaltaisia ominaisuuksia. N\u00e4ill\u00e4 kaikilla on merkityst\u00e4 ja ne vaikuttavat toisiinsa. Jos valitsemme laminaatin CTE:t\u00e4 pienemm\u00e4ksi, huomaamme, ett\u00e4 kaikilla fr4-tyypeill\u00e4 on samanlaiset CTE-arvot. Useimmat ovat edelleen korkeita (noin 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). T\u00e4m\u00e4 tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 hyvin suurissa piipaketeissa tarvitsemme toisen l\u00e4hestymistavan CTE:n hallintaan. Yksi tapa on lis\u00e4t\u00e4 metallia, kevlaria tai aramidia oleva ydin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e4it\u00e4 matalan CTE:n ytimi\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n usein fr4-ulkokerrosten alla matalan CTE:n levyjen valmistuksessa. Metallisyd\u00e4met voivat olla kupari-invar-kupari (CIC) tai kupari-molybdeenikupari (CMC). Ne ovat yleens\u00e4 noin 6 milin paksuisia. Metallisyd\u00e4men ulkopinnalla olevan kuparin ansiosta metallin p\u00e4\u00e4lle voidaan laminoida tavallisia fr4-prepregej\u00e4 ja -syd\u00e4mi\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaksi yleisesti k\u00e4ytetty\u00e4 metalliydint\u00e4 ovat CIC ja CMC. Niiden CTE-arvot ovat noin 8 ppm\/\u00b0C ja 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Kun kiinnit\u00e4t fr4-ulkokerrokset metalliytimeen, koko levyn CTE-arvoksi tulee noin 12 ppm\/\u00b0C CIC:n osalta ja noin 9 ppm\/\u00b0C CMC:n osalta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Voimme k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 ytimen\u00e4 my\u00f6s Kevlar Thermountia tai aramidilaminaattia. Niiden matala ydin-CTE on noin 7-8 ppm\/\u00b0C. Kun k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n tavallisia fr4-ulkokerroksia, koko levyn CTE on noin 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. Monikerrostuotannossa matalan CTE:n ydin korvaa tyypillisen fr4-ytimen. On mielenkiintoista, ett\u00e4 Kevlar-kuidulla on itse asiassa negatiivinen l\u00e4mp\u00f6laajeneminen. Kun sidomme kuidut epoksilla, tuloksena on pieni positiivinen CTE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kustannukset, prosessi ja matalan CTE-asteen ydinten lis\u00e4edut<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kun k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n low-CTE-laminaattia, kallein vaihtoehto on yleens\u00e4 metalliydin. Kevlar- ja aramidilaminaatit maksavat v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n. Aiemmin Arlon Kevlar Thermount -laminaattia oli vaikea saada, mutta uusi tuotanto lis\u00e4\u00e4 nyt tarjontaa. Kaikki matalan CTE:n ytimet ovat vaikeampia porata ja k\u00e4sitell\u00e4. Ne ovat kuitenkin ainoa tapa t\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 hyvin suurten piipakettien 6-9 ppm\/\u00b0C:n vaatimukset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE: n hallinnan lis\u00e4ksi metalliydinpiirilevyt voivat my\u00f6s parantaa suuritehoisen l\u00e4mm\u00f6nsiirron. Muista, ett\u00e4 metalli laajenee kuumennettaessa enemm\u00e4n kuin fr4. Metalliydin antaa paremman hallinnan levyn laajenemiseen kuin Kevlar. Metallisyd\u00e4n voi muuttaa koko levyn laajenemista enemm\u00e4n kuin Kevlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n toimenpiteet CTE-eroriskin v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ss\u00e4 voit v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 CTE-virheiden riski\u00e4 tekem\u00e4ll\u00e4 seuraavat perusasiat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yrit\u00e4 mahdollisuuksien mukaan sovittaa levyn CTE suuren paketin CTE:hen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u00e4yt\u00e4 suurissa pakkauksissa matalan CTE:n ytimi\u00e4, kuten CIC-, CMC-, Kevlar- tai Aramid-syd\u00e4mi\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarkkaile Tg:t\u00e4 ja k\u00e4yt\u00e4 materiaaleja, joiden Tg on korkeimman prosessil\u00e4mp\u00f6tilasi yl\u00e4puolella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suunnittele SMT-osille tyynyt ja maadoituskuviot niin, ett\u00e4 juotosliitoksiin kohdistuva rasitus v\u00e4henee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Valmistaessa on s\u00e4\u00e4dett\u00e4v\u00e4 reflow-huippul\u00e4mp\u00f6tilaa ja j\u00e4\u00e4hdytysnopeutta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u00e4yt\u00e4 l\u00e4pirei'itetyiss\u00e4 osissa johtimia, jotka voivat taipua ja ottaa vastaan j\u00e4nnityst\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tied\u00e4, ett\u00e4 matalan CTE-arvon omaavat syd\u00e4met maksavat enemm\u00e4n ja ett\u00e4 ne vaativat erilaisia porausty\u00f6kaluja ja -prosesseja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Yhteenveto CTE:n merkityksest\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE on yksinkertainen luku, mutta se vaikuttaa moniin PCB-projektin osiin. Jos sit\u00e4 ei mietit\u00e4 aikaisessa vaiheessa, seurauksena voi olla juotosliitosten ep\u00e4onnistumisia, halkeilevia osia ja heikko luotettavuus. Jos suunnittelet CTE:n alusta alkaen, saat levyst\u00e4si ja osistasi paremman k\u00e4ytt\u00f6i\u00e4n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change 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