{"id":4741,"date":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4741"},"modified":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","slug":"why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Miksi piirilevyiss\u00e4 on avoimia virtapiirej\u00e4? Miten niit\u00e4 voidaan parantaa?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piirilevyjen j\u00e4lkien avoimet ja oikosulut ovat ongelmia, joita l\u00e4hes jokainen piirilevyvalmistaja kohtaa l\u00e4hes p\u00e4ivitt\u00e4in. N\u00e4m\u00e4 ongelmat pit\u00e4v\u00e4t tuotanto- ja laatuhenkil\u00f6st\u00f6n kiireisen\u00e4. Ne aiheuttavat toimitusm\u00e4\u00e4rien ylittymist\u00e4, ylim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4ist\u00e4 j\u00e4lkity\u00f6t\u00e4, toimitusviiv\u00e4styksi\u00e4 ja asiakasvalituksia. N\u00e4m\u00e4 ovat alan vaikeita ongelmia. Minulla on yli 20 vuoden ty\u00f6kokemus alalta. PCB-valmistus<\/a> teollisuus. Olen ty\u00f6skennellyt p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa tuotannonohjauksen, laadunhallinnan, prosessinvalvonnan ja kustannusvalvonnan parissa. Minulla on jonkin verran kokemusta piirilevyjen avoimien ja oikosulkujen korjaamisesta. Kirjoitan t\u00e4m\u00e4n nyt yhteenvetona kollegoiden keskusteltavaksi. Toivon, ett\u00e4 tuotanto- ja laatuhenkil\u00f6st\u00f6 voi k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 t\u00e4t\u00e4 viitteen\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. PCB-avoimien piirien t\u00e4rkeimpien syiden luokittelu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ryhmittelemme ensin piirilevyjen avoimien piirien t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t syyt seuraaviin alueisiin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seuraavaksi luetellaan syyt ja parannuskeinot luokittain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Paljastetun pohjamateriaalin (folion naarmuuntuminen) aiheuttamat avoimet virtapiirit.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kuparip\u00e4\u00e4llysteisess\u00e4 laminaatissa (CCL) on naarmuja jo ennen varastointia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CCL naarmuuntuu leikkauksen aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poranter\u00e4t naarmuttavat CCL:\u00e4\u00e4 porauksen aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CCL naarmuuntuu kuljetuksen aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kun levyt on pinottu s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4ll\u00e4 kuparilla, levyt saavat pintakalvon lommoja v\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n k\u00e4sittelyn vuoksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kun levyt kulkevat vaakasuoran koneen ohi, pintakalvo naarmuuntuu tuotannon aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Open<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Parannusmenetelm\u00e4t:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ennen varastoon siirt\u00e4mist\u00e4 saapuvan CCL:n on oltava IQC:n (saapumisen laadunvalvonta) pistokokeessa tarkastettu. Tarkistetaan levyn pinta naarmujen ja paljastuneen pohjamateriaalin varalta. Jos havaitset vaurioita, ota ajoissa yhteytt\u00e4 toimittajaan ja ryhdy tilanteen mukaan oikeisiin toimenpiteisiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jos CCL naarmuuntuu leikkauksen aikana, suurin syy on leikkausp\u00f6yd\u00e4ll\u00e4 olevat kovat ter\u00e4v\u00e4t esineet. Kun CCL hankaa kovaa esinett\u00e4 vasten, kuparifolio naarmuuntuu ja perusmateriaali paljastuu. Puhdista siis leikkausp\u00f6yt\u00e4 hyvin ennen leikkaamista. Varmista, ett\u00e4 p\u00f6yt\u00e4 on sile\u00e4 ja ett\u00e4 siihen ei j\u00e4\u00e4 kovia ter\u00e4vi\u00e4 esineit\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jos poranter\u00e4t naarmuttavat CCL:\u00e4\u00e4 porauksen aikana, t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t syyt ovat kuluneet hylsyt tai lika hylsyn sis\u00e4ll\u00e4. Likainen tai kulunut holkki ei pysty pit\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n poranter\u00e4\u00e4 tiukasti kiinni. Poranter\u00e4 saattaa istua s\u00e4\u00e4detty\u00e4 pituutta alempana eik\u00e4 ty\u00f6kalu nouse tarpeeksi yl\u00f6s liikkeiden aikana. Koneen liikkuessa k\u00e4rki voi raapia kuparifoliota ja paljastaa pohjamateriaalin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Vaihda holkit ty\u00f6kalunvaihtojen lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n mukaan tai kun holkki on kulunut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Puhdista hylsyt s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti ty\u00f6ohjeiden mukaan, jotta niiden sis\u00e4lle ei j\u00e4\u00e4 likaa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Levyt naarmuuntuneet kuljetuksen aikana:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Levyj\u00e4 siirrett\u00e4ess\u00e4 ty\u00f6ntekij\u00e4t saattavat nostaa liikaa levyj\u00e4 kerralla tai kuorma voi olla liian raskas. Silloin he pikemminkin raahaavat lautoja kuin nostavat niit\u00e4. Laudan kulmat ja laudan pinta hankautuvat ja naarmuuntuvat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Jos lautoja ei ole pinottu siististi, niit\u00e4 saatetaan ty\u00f6nt\u00e4\u00e4 kovaa, kun niit\u00e4 asetellaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa hankausta lautojen v\u00e4lille ja naarmuja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparipinnoituksen tai koko paneelin galvanoinnin j\u00e4lkeen levyt voivat naarmuuntua, kun niit\u00e4 pinotaan v\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n k\u00e4sittelyn vuoksi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kun levyt pinotaan s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparipinnoituksen tai koko paneelin galvanoinnin j\u00e4lkeen, monet levyt yhdess\u00e4 aiheuttavat painoa. Kun pino lasketaan alas, levyn kulmat saattavat osua alasp\u00e4in, ja painovoiman ja nopeuden vaikutuksesta ne vaikuttavat voimakkaasti levyn pintoihin. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voi naarmuttaa pintaa ja paljastaa pohjamateriaalin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuotantolevyt naarmuuntuvat, kun ne kulkevat vaakakoneen ohi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Hionta- tai hiomakoneen pys\u00e4ytyslevy voi koskettaa levyn pintaa. Levyn reuna voi olla ep\u00e4tasainen ja siin\u00e4 voi olla ter\u00e4vi\u00e4 esineit\u00e4. Kun levy kulkee, pinta naarmuuntuu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Ruostumattomasta ter\u00e4ksest\u00e4 valmistettu vetoakseli voi vaurioitua ja muodostaa ter\u00e4v\u00e4n k\u00e4rjen. Kun levy kulkee, t\u00e4m\u00e4 k\u00e4rki naarmuttaa kuparia ja paljastaa pohjan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, ett\u00e4 naarmut, jotka paljastavat pohjamateriaalin s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparin j\u00e4lkeen, on helpompi havaita j\u00e4ljist\u00e4, jos ne n\u00e4kyv\u00e4t avoimina viivoina tai aukkoina. Jos naarmu kuitenkin syntyy ennen s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6nt\u00e4 kuparia, s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n kupari voi laskeutua naarmun p\u00e4\u00e4lle. J\u00e4ljen kuparifolio on paljon ohuempi kyseisess\u00e4 kohdassa. My\u00f6hemmin avoimissa\/lyhyiss\u00e4 testeiss\u00e4 t\u00e4t\u00e4 on vaikea l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4. Kun asiakas k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 levy\u00e4, suuri virta voi polttaa j\u00e4ljen ja aiheuttaa aukon. Piilev\u00e4 laaturiski ja taloudellinen menetys voivat olla suuria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Reik\u00e4pinnoituksen puutteesta johtuvat avoimet piirit (ei reik\u00e4pinnoitusta).<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ei reikien pinnoitusta s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparin aikana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reikiin j\u00e4\u00e4nyt \u00f6ljy ei aiheuta reikien pinnoittumista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liiallinen mikroetsaus ei aiheuta reikien pinnoitusta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Huono pinnoitus aiheuttaa sen, ettei reiki\u00e4 pinnoiteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poranter\u00e4 polttaa reiki\u00e4 tai p\u00f6ly tukkii rei\u00e4t ja aiheuttaa reikien pinnoittamattomuuden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Parannustoimenpiteet:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ei reikien pinnoitusta s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparin aikana:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Rei\u00e4nhoitoaineen ongelma: Jos rei\u00e4nhoitoaineen kemiallinen tasapaino on v\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 tai liuos on huono, rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4n s\u00e4hk\u00f6iset ominaisuudet eiv\u00e4t muutu tarpeen mukaan. Rei\u00e4nhoitoaineella s\u00e4\u00e4det\u00e4\u00e4n rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4n eristysalustan s\u00e4hk\u00f6ist\u00e4 ominaisuutta niin, ett\u00e4 palladiumionit adsorboituvat hyvin ja ett\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n kupari voi t\u00e4ysin peitt\u00e4\u00e4. Jos rei\u00e4nhoitoaineen pitoisuus on ep\u00e4tasapainossa tai se on vanhentunut, rei\u00e4n pinnoitusta ei voi tapahtua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Aktivaattori: Aktivaattorin p\u00e4\u00e4komponentteihin kuuluvat palladium (Pd), orgaaniset hapot, tinaionit ja kloridit. Jotta palladium saostuisi tasaisesti rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n, monia parametreja on s\u00e4\u00e4dett\u00e4v\u00e4. Aktivaattori-esimerkiss\u00e4mme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Pid\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila 35-44 \u00b0C:ssa. Jos l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila on liian alhainen, palladiumin tiheys rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4ss\u00e4 on alhainen eik\u00e4 steitsytkupari peit\u00e4 sit\u00e4 kokonaan. Jos l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila on liian korkea, reaktiot etenev\u00e4t liian nopeasti ja materiaalikustannukset nousevat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) Pid\u00e4 pitoisuus (v\u00e4rin tai vahvuuden perusteella mitattuna) 80%-100%:ss\u00e4. Jos konsentraatio on alhainen, palladiumin tiheys on alhainen ja s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n kupari ei peit\u00e4 t\u00e4ysin. Jos pitoisuus on korkea, reaktio on liian nopea ja materiaalikustannukset nousevat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) S\u00e4ilyt\u00e4 aktivaattoriliuos tuotannon aikana. Jos se on voimakkaasti saastunut, rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4ss\u00e4 oleva palladium ei ole tiivis, eik\u00e4 my\u00f6hempi s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n kupari peit\u00e4 sit\u00e4 kokonaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Kiihdytin: Kiihdytin sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa orgaanisia happoja. Sen teht\u00e4v\u00e4n\u00e4 on poistaa adsorboituneet tina- ja kloridiyhdisteet rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4st\u00e4, jotta katalyyttinen metalli palladium p\u00e4\u00e4see alttiiksi my\u00f6hempi\u00e4 reaktioita varten. Meid\u00e4n kiihdyttimess\u00e4mme kemiallinen konsentraatio on 0,35-0,50 N. Jos konsentraatio on liian suuri, kaikki palladium voi poistua, eik\u00e4 my\u00f6hemmin s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n kupari peit\u00e4 t\u00e4ysin. Jos konsentraatio on liian alhainen, tinaatti ja kloridi poistuvat huonosti, eik\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n kupari peity my\u00f6hemmin kokonaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) S\u00e4hk\u00f6suojatun kuparin parametrien hallinta on avain hyv\u00e4\u00e4n reikien peitt\u00e4vyyteen. K\u00e4ytt\u00e4miemme kylpyparametrien avulla:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Pid\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila 25-32 \u00b0C:ssa. Jos l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila on alhainen, kylvyn aktiivisuus on heikko, eik\u00e4 reikien pinnoitus tapahdu. Jos l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 38 \u00b0C, reaktio on liian nopea, kupari-ioneja vapautuu liian nopeasti ja paneelin pintaan ilmestyy kuparihiukkasia. T\u00e4m\u00e4 aiheuttaa uudelleenk\u00e4sittely\u00e4 tai romua. Suodata t\u00e4ll\u00f6in steitsytkuparikylpy v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti, tai kylpy voi menn\u00e4 hukkaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) kontrolli Cu2+ 1,5-3,0 g\/l. Jos Cu2+ on alhainen, kylpyaktiivisuus on heikko ja reikien pinnoitus on huono. Jos se ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 3,5 g\/l, reaktio on liian nopea ja kuparihiukkasia muodostuu paneelipinnoille, mik\u00e4 aiheuttaa uudelleenk\u00e4sittely\u00e4 tai romua. Suodata kylpy v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti. Cu2+:n hallinta tapahtuu p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6nt\u00e4 kupari A -liuosta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) kontrolli NaOH 10,5-13,0 g\/l. Jos NaOH on alhainen, kylpyaktiivisuus on heikko ja reik\u00e4pinnoitus on huono. NaOH:n s\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6 tehd\u00e4\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 elektrolyyttist\u00e4 kupari B -liuosta. B-liuos sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 stabilointiainetta kylpyyn. Yleens\u00e4 A ja B lis\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n suhteessa 1:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iv) Kontrolliformaldehydi (HCHO) 4,0-8,0 g\/l. Jos HCHO on alhainen, kylpyaktiivisuus on heikko ja reik\u00e4pinnoitus on huono. Jos HCHO ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 8,0 g\/l, reaktio on liian nopea ja kuparihiukkasia muodostuu paneelin pintaan, mik\u00e4 aiheuttaa uudelleenk\u00e4sittely\u00e4 tai romua. Suodata kylpy v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti. HCHO:n hallinta tapahtuu p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6nt\u00e4 kupari-C-liuosta. Huomaa, ett\u00e4 A-liuos sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 my\u00f6s HCHO-komponentteja. Kun lis\u00e4\u00e4t A:ta, laske siis ensin HCHO:n lis\u00e4ys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

v) Pid\u00e4 kylpyl\u00e4n kuormitus 0,15-0,25 ft\u00b2\/L. Jos kuormitus on liian alhainen, kylvyn aktiivisuus on heikko ja reikien pinnoitus on huono. Jos kuormitus ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 0,25 ft\u00b2\/L, reaktio on liian nopea ja kuparihiukkasia muodostuu, mik\u00e4 aiheuttaa j\u00e4lkity\u00f6st\u00f6\u00e4 tai romua. Suodata kylpy v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti. Tuotannossa ensimm\u00e4isess\u00e4 s\u00e4ili\u00f6ss\u00e4 olisi k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4 kuparilevy<\/a> aktivoida kylpyamme. T\u00e4m\u00e4 auttaa my\u00f6hempi\u00e4 levyj\u00e4 reagoimaan hyvin. Se takaa tihe\u00e4n s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparin rei'iss\u00e4 ja suuremman peitt\u00e4vyyden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehdotus: K\u00e4yt\u00e4 automaattista annostelulaitetta A- ja B-liuosten lis\u00e4\u00e4miseksi s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4\u00e4n kuparis\u00e4ili\u00f6\u00f6n, jotta n\u00e4m\u00e4 parametrit pysyv\u00e4t tasapainossa ja vakaina. T\u00e4m\u00e4 auttaa hallitsemaan kemiallisia komponentteja paremmin. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 my\u00f6s automaattista l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilans\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6\u00e4, jotta s\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kuparilinjan l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila pysyy vakaana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reikiin j\u00e4\u00e4nyt m\u00e4rk\u00e4 kalvo tai muste ei aiheuta reikien pinnoitusta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Kun seulapainat m\u00e4rk\u00e4 kalvo, tulosta yksi levy ja kaavi sitten verkko. N\u00e4in varmistat, ettei verkkoon ole ker\u00e4\u00e4ntynyt painov\u00e4ri\u00e4. Normaalisti t\u00e4m\u00e4 est\u00e4\u00e4 m\u00e4r\u00e4n kalvon j\u00e4\u00e4misen reikien sis\u00e4\u00e4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) M\u00e4rk\u00e4\u00e4 kalvoa seulapainettaessa on k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4 silm\u00e4lukuja 68-77T. Jos k\u00e4yt\u00e4t v\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 silm\u00e4kokoa, esimerkiksi \u226451T, m\u00e4rk\u00e4 kalvo voi vuotaa reikiin. Kehityksen aikana reik\u00e4 ei v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 ole puhdas. Pinnoituksen aikana reik\u00e4 ei pinnoita metallia, eik\u00e4 reik\u00e4\u00e4n saada pinnoitusta. Jos verkko on liian suuri, m\u00e4rk\u00e4kalvo voi olla liian ohut, ja pinnoituksen aikana resist voi rikkoutua virran vaikutuksesta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtaa moniin metallipisteisiin tai jopa oikosulkuihin j\u00e4lkien v\u00e4liss\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liiallinen mikroetsaus (liiallinen karhennus) ei aiheuta reikien pinnoitusta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Jos levyss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kemiallista mikroetsausta ennen linjakuviointia, hallitse liuoksen l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilaa, pitoisuutta ja aikaa. Muussa tapauksessa, jos kupari pinnoitetuissa rei'iss\u00e4 on ohutta, mikroetsaus voi liuottaa kuparin ja aiheuttaa sen, ettei reiki\u00e4 pinnoiteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Kerrosten kiinnittymisen parantamiseksi esipinnoitusk\u00e4sittelyiss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kemiallista mikroetsausta. Mikroetsauksen l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilaa, pitoisuutta ja aikaa on siis hallittava hyvin. Muuten t\u00e4m\u00e4 voi my\u00f6s aiheuttaa reikien katkaisun puuttumisen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ei reikien pinnoitusta galvanointiongelmien vuoksi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Kun kuvasuhde (paksuus suhteessa halkaisijaan) on suuri (\u22655:1), reikiin voi muodostua kuplia. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtuu siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 v\u00e4r\u00e4htely ei riit\u00e4 saamaan ilmaa poistumaan. Ioninvaihto ei voi tapahtua hyvin. Reik\u00e4 ei t\u00e4ll\u00f6in levit\u00e4 kuparia tai tinaa hyvin, eik\u00e4 reik\u00e4\u00e4n saada reik\u00e4pinnoitusta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Kun kuvasuhde on suuri (\u22655:1), jos p\u00e4\u00e4llystyst\u00e4 edelt\u00e4v\u00e4 puhdistus ei poistanut hapettumista rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4st\u00e4, galvanoinnin aikana syntyy p\u00e4\u00e4llystysvastus. Reik\u00e4 ei pinnoita kuparia tai tinaa hyvin tai pinnoitettu kupari\/tina on hyvin ohut. Etsauksen aikana ohut kupari rei'ist\u00e4 voi poistua ja aiheuttaa sen, ettei reik\u00e4\u00e4 pinnoiteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poranter\u00e4 polttaa reiki\u00e4 tai p\u00f6ly tukkii rei\u00e4t ja aiheuttaa reikien pinnoittamattomuuden:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Jos porausty\u00f6kalun k\u00e4ytt\u00f6ik\u00e4\u00e4 ei ole s\u00e4\u00e4detty oikein tai poranter\u00e4 on eritt\u00e4in kulunut (lohkeileva tai ei ter\u00e4v\u00e4), porauksen aikana syntyy kitkaa, joka aiheuttaa l\u00e4mp\u00f6\u00e4. Rei\u00e4n sein\u00e4m\u00e4 palaa, eik\u00e4 sit\u00e4 voida peitt\u00e4\u00e4 metallittomalla kuparilla, joten rei\u00e4n pinnoitusta ei tapahdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Jos p\u00f6lynpoisto on heikko tai p\u00f6lynpoiston tekniikkaa ei ole optimoitu, p\u00f6ly voi tukkia rei\u00e4t porauksen aikana. S\u00e4hk\u00f6tt\u00f6m\u00e4n kupariporauksen aikana tukkeutuneisiin reikiin ei saada kuparia eik\u00e4 reiki\u00e4 pinnoiteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Open and short circuits in PCB traces are problems that almost every PCB manufacturer meets almost every day. These problems 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