{"id":4765,"date":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4765"},"modified":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","slug":"preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"CAF:n est\u00e4minen PCB:ss\u00e4: Korjaukset: Syyt ja korjaukset"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Viimeaikainen PCB-vuotokysymys Yleiskatsaus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meill\u00e4 oli hiljattain PCB-vuotokysymys. Tuote on pienitehoinen. Koko laite kuluttaa normaalisti mikroampeeritason (\u00b5A) virtaa. Kun laite oli vanhentunut normaalissa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilassa jonkin aikaa, huomasimme sen virrankulutuksen kasvaneen. Joissakin n\u00e4ytteiss\u00e4 virrankulutus nousi jopa milliampeeritasolle (mA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suljimme huolellisesti pois komponenttiviat. Lopulta l\u00f6ysimme 5 V:n solmun. Kun tuote oli lepotilassa, t\u00e4m\u00e4n solmun pit\u00e4isi olla 0 V, mutta siin\u00e4 oli noin 1,8 V:n pudotus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leikkaamme piirilevyn j\u00e4ljet huolellisesti. Yll\u00e4tykseksemme kaksi l\u00e4pivienti\u00e4, joilla ei ollut s\u00e4hk\u00f6ist\u00e4 yhteytt\u00e4 piirilevyyn, voitiin mitata, ja niiden v\u00e4linen vastus oli useita satoja ohmeja. Tarkistimme suunnittelutiedostot. Kyseess\u00e4 on kaksikerroksinen piirilevy. L\u00e4pivientiv\u00e4li ja l\u00e4pivientiv\u00e4li > 6 mil. Reikien ja seinien v\u00e4li > 18 mil. T\u00e4m\u00e4 rakenne on normaali piirilevyteollisuuden vakioporauksessa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poistimme juotosmaskin sulkeaksemme pois johtavan saastumisen maskissa tai l\u00e4pivientien pinnalla. Mitattu vastus l\u00e4pivientien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 oli edelleen olemassa. Emme osanneet selitt\u00e4\u00e4 sit\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4\u00e4n aikaan. Sitten huomasimme, ett\u00e4 vuoto johtui \u201cCAF-ilmi\u00f6st\u00e4\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Mik\u00e4 on CAF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CAF tarkoittaa johtavaa anodista filamentointia. Se on piirilevyn sis\u00e4inen vuotok\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen, jossa kupari-ionit liikkuvat anodilta (korkeampi j\u00e4nnite) lasikuitujen v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 mikros\u00e4r\u00f6kanavia pitkin kohti katodia (matalampi j\u00e4nnite). T\u00e4m\u00e4n prosessin aikana kupari ja kuparisuolat aiheuttavat vuotoa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuvassa laminaatti n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 tummalta, kun kaksi vierekk\u00e4ist\u00e4 l\u00e4pivienti\u00e4 on hiottu pituussuunnassa ja niit\u00e4 on tarkasteltu elektronimikroskoopilla 100 \u00d7:n tarkkuudella. Kirkkaat kultaiset alueet ovat kuparia. Kahden l\u00e4piviennin v\u00e4liss\u00e4 n\u00e4kyy kuparilaikkuja ja kupariharsoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"CAF\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Miten CAF muodostuu (mekanismi)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Normaali fr4 PCB-laminaatti<\/a> valmistetaan kutomalla lasikuituja kankaaseen, kostuttamalla ne epoksihartsilla ja puolikovettamalla. Jos hartsin ja lasikuidun v\u00e4linen tartunta on heikko tai jos hartsi ei kostuta lasia kokonaan, niiden v\u00e4liin voi synty\u00e4 aukkoja. Mekaanisen k\u00e4sittelyn, kuten porauksen, aikana tangentiaalinen veto ja aksiaalinen isku voivat edelleen vahingoittaa hartsin kiinnittymist\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voi irrottaa tai erottaa kuitukimput toisistaan ja luoda aukkoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kun ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6 on kuuma ja kostea, epoksin ja lasikuidun v\u00e4linen tartunta heikkenee enemm\u00e4n. Lasikuidun pinnalla olevat silaanikytkent\u00e4aineet voivat hydrolysoitua. T\u00e4m\u00e4 luo lasikuituvahvisteen varrelle reittej\u00e4, jotka mahdollistavat elektronien siirtymisen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4iss\u00e4 olosuhteissa, jos kahdessa l\u00e4hekk\u00e4isess\u00e4 l\u00e4pivienniss\u00e4 on potentiaaliero, korkeamman j\u00e4nnitteen anodissa oleva kupari voi hapettua kupari-ioneiksi. S\u00e4hk\u00f6kent\u00e4n vaikutuksesta kupari-ionit liikkuvat kohti matalamman j\u00e4nnitteen katodia. Siirron aikana ne yhdistyv\u00e4t laminaatin ep\u00e4puhtausionien tai OH-:n kanssa muodostaen liukenemattomia johtavia suoloja, jotka laskeutuvat. T\u00e4m\u00e4n seurauksena kahden erist\u00e4v\u00e4n l\u00e4piviennin v\u00e4linen s\u00e4hk\u00f6inen et\u00e4isyys pienenee jyrk\u00e4sti. Vaikeissa tapauksissa ne voivat jopa muodostaa suoran johtavan polun ja oikosulun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reaktiot anodilla ja katodilla (havaittuina):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anodi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u2082O \u2192 H\u207a + OH-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katodi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 H\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 H\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH- \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CuO + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CuO + H\u2082O \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 Cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Huomioita kokemuksistamme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ennen kuin tiesimme, ett\u00e4 syy oli CAF, meit\u00e4 h\u00e4mmensi kahden eristetyn l\u00e4piviennin v\u00e4linen vastus. Kirjallisuutta tutkittuamme l\u00f6ysimme, ett\u00e4 monet kollegamme ovat k\u00e4rsineet samasta ongelmasta. CAF:st\u00e4 on tullut merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 luotettavuusongelma piirilevyteollisuudessa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Miten CAF:ia voidaan ehk\u00e4ist\u00e4 tai v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Parantaa laminaatin kest\u00e4vyytt\u00e4 CAF:ia vastaan. PCB-substraattiprosessissa lis\u00e4\u00e4 materiaalin ionipuhtautta. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4n kosteutta imevi\u00e4 hartseja. Varmista, ett\u00e4 lasikangas on t\u00e4ysin hartsin kostuttama ja sitoutuu hyvin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ole varovainen poraus- tai laserprosessien kanssa. Poraus tai laser voi tuottaa paikallisesti paljon l\u00e4mp\u00f6\u00e4. Jos l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 levyn Tg-arvon, hartsi voi sulaa ja muodostaa j\u00e4\u00e4mi\u00e4. Reikien sein\u00e4miin j\u00e4\u00e4neet j\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t voivat aiheuttaa huonon kontaktin pinnoituksen aikana. Poista siksi j\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t ennen pinnoitusta. Huomautus: liotus j\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6ksen poiston aikana voi heikent\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4pireiki\u00e4 ja aiheuttaa kuparikontaminaatiota, mik\u00e4 voi helpottaa kuparin siirtymist\u00e4 my\u00f6hemmin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suurenna via-to-via-v\u00e4li\u00e4 PCB-suunnittelu<\/a>. My\u00f6s CAF-kanavat noudattavat yleens\u00e4 samaa lasikuitukimppua. Vierekk\u00e4isten l\u00e4pivientien porrastaminen tai siirt\u00e4minen toisistaan poisp\u00e4in auttaa v\u00e4hent\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n CAF-riski\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Puhdista PCBA-pinnat. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 esimerkiksi korkeapaineilmapistoolia p\u00f6lyn poistamiseen ja v\u00e4lt\u00e4 ep\u00e4puhtausj\u00e4\u00e4mi\u00e4, jotka voivat aiheuttaa ei-toivottua s\u00e4hk\u00f6kemiaa. Levit\u00e4 PCBA:n pinnalle conformal-pinnoite kosteuden p\u00e4\u00e4syn est\u00e4miseksi erityisesti kuumissa ja kosteissa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6iss\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Recent PCB Leakage Issue Overview We recently faced a PCB leakage issue. The product is low-power. The whole device 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