{"id":4769,"date":"2026-03-04T09:39:03","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T09:39:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4769"},"modified":"2026-03-04T09:39:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T09:39:07","slug":"rohs-compliance-for-pcbs-materials-processes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/rohs-compliance-for-pcbs-materials-processes\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB:n RoHS-vaatimustenmukaisuus: Materiaalit ja prosessit"},"content":{"rendered":"

Euroopan unionin joulukuussa 2003 antaman virallisen lyijytt\u00f6m\u00e4n lains\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4nn\u00f6n j\u00e4lkeen maailmanlaajuinen elektroniikkateollisuus on kokenut voimakkaan vaikutuksen. Hein\u00e4kuuhun 2006 menness\u00e4 tulivat voimaan EU:n direktiivit s\u00e4hk\u00f6- ja elektroniikkalaiteromusta (WEEE) ja vaarallisten aineiden k\u00e4yt\u00f6n rajoittamisesta (RoHS). Samaan aikaan tulivat voimaan my\u00f6s Japanin elektroniikka- ja tietotekniikkateollisuuden liiton (JEITA) ja Yhdysvaltojen s\u00e4hk\u00f6teknisten valmistajien liiton (NEMA) lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 ja halogeenittomia elektroniikkapakkauksia koskevat s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t. Siit\u00e4 l\u00e4htien markkinoille saatetut elektroniikkatuotteet eiv\u00e4t saa sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 lyijy\u00e4, elohopeaa, kadmiumia, kuudenarvoista kromia tai rajoitettuja m\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4 polybromattuja bifenyylej\u00e4 (PBB) tai polybromattuja difenyylieettereit\u00e4 (PBDE) ja muita haitallisia aineita. T\u00e4m\u00e4 muutos vaikuttaa maailmanlaajuiseen toimitusketjuun ja siihen liittyvien teollisuudenalojen kehitykseen, PCB-ala mukaan luettuna. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 artikkelissa selitet\u00e4\u00e4n raaka-aineiden valvonnan, lyijytt\u00f6mien prosessien valinnan ja valvonnan sek\u00e4 SMT-loppukokoonpanon kautta, miten seuraavan sukupolven piirilevytuotteet voivat t\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 yh\u00e4 tiukemmat ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Raaka-aineiden valinta ja valvonta<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On hyvin tiedossa, ett\u00e4 elohopeaa, kadmiumia ja kuudenarvoista kromia ei k\u00e4ytet\u00e4 PCB-teollisuudessa juuri koskaan. Lukuun ottamatta m\u00e4rk\u00e4k\u00e4sittelyss\u00e4 esiintyvi\u00e4 pieni\u00e4 m\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4 PCB:n valmistajat eiv\u00e4t k\u00e4yt\u00e4 n\u00e4it\u00e4 aineita tarkoituksellisesti. Raaka-aineita ja prosesseja valittaessa lyijyn (Pb) ja halogeenien pitoisuuksien pit\u00e4minen raja-arvojen alapuolella on siis t\u00e4rkein vaatimus, jotta voidaan noudattaa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00e4 koskevia peruss\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4. Piirilevyjen pintametallien viimeistelyss\u00e4 tavoitteena on lyijyt\u00f6n (alle 0,1% Pb). Perinteiset PCB- ja SMT <\/a>teollisuudessa k\u00e4ytettiin paljon lyijy-tinaseoksia, kuten HASL:\u00e4\u00e4 ja juotospastaa. Lyijy on raskasmetalli, ja sit\u00e4 esiintyy laajalti luonnossa. Kun ihmisen lyijyn saanti ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 turvallisen tason, voi ilmet\u00e4 oireita, kuten anemiaa, kalsiumin puutosta ja heikentynytt\u00e4 vastustuskyky\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 Miksi k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 lyijyt\u00f6nt\u00e4 juotosta?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Juotoksissa olevan lyijyn aiheuttamat haitat: Vaikka juotosten sis\u00e4lt\u00e4m\u00e4 lyijy on vain pieni osa lyijyn kokonaisk\u00e4yt\u00f6st\u00e4 joissakin mittakaavoissa, se voi levit\u00e4, ja sit\u00e4 on vaikea saada kokonaan talteen. Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n pilaantuminen ja huoli lyijymyrkytyksest\u00e4 pakottavat siirtym\u00e4\u00e4n pois lyijyst\u00e4. PCB:ss\u00e4 halogeeneja (fluori F, kloori Cl, bromi Br, jodi I) k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa laminaateissa ja painov\u00e4reiss\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Materiaalin seulonta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Valmis piirilevy sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa kolme ryhm\u00e4\u00e4: laminaatti (perusmateriaali), metallipinnan viimeistelykerrokset ja painov\u00e4rit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.1 Perusmateriaali<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Yleiset laminaatit, kuten FR-4<\/a> ja CEM-3 sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t usein paljon bromattuja epoksihartseja. N\u00e4m\u00e4 hartsit voivat sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 tetrabromibisfenoli A:ta, polybromattuja bifenyylej\u00e4 ja polybromattuja difenyylieettereit\u00e4. Kun n\u00e4m\u00e4 materiaalit palavat, niist\u00e4 voi vapautua eritt\u00e4in myrkyllisi\u00e4 yhdisteit\u00e4, kuten dioksiineja (TCDD) ja furaaneja. Jos ihminen nauttii t\u00e4llaisia yhdisteit\u00e4, niit\u00e4 on vaikea poistaa elimist\u00f6st\u00e4 ja ne aiheuttavat vakavia terveysriskej\u00e4. Siksi kuparip\u00e4\u00e4llysteisen laminaattiteollisuuden on siirrytt\u00e4v\u00e4 halogeenittomiin perusmateriaaleihin. Halogeenittomuus tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 kloorin ja bromin pitoisuudet ovat molemmat alle 0,09%. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 fosforia sis\u00e4lt\u00e4vi\u00e4 epoksihartseja bromattujen epoksihartsien tilalla. K\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n typpe\u00e4 sis\u00e4lt\u00e4vi\u00e4 fenolihartseja korvaamaan perinteiset dikyandiamidikovetteet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Halogen-free<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisill\u00e4 laminaateilla on my\u00f6s oltava vahva l\u00e4mm\u00f6nkest\u00e4vyys. Niiden on kestett\u00e4v\u00e4 useita lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 SMT-reflow-syklej\u00e4 noin 260 \u00b0C:n l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilassa v\u00e4rj\u00e4ytym\u00e4tt\u00e4, irtoamatta, deformoitumatta tai v\u00e4\u00e4ntym\u00e4tt\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.2 Metallipintakerrokset<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Teollisuudessa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n nyky\u00e4\u00e4n yleisesti lyijyt\u00f6nt\u00e4 HASL:\u00e4\u00e4, jonka kaava on tina-hopea-kupari (esimerkiksi 95,5Sn-3,9Ag-0,6Cu) lyijy-tinaseosten sijasta. Lyijytt\u00f6mien piirilevyjen pintapinnoitteiden on osoitettava hyv\u00e4\u00e4 kostumista ja virtausta. Niiden on tuotettava alhainen l\u00e4mp\u00f6j\u00e4nnitys ja kestett\u00e4v\u00e4 hapettumista korkeissa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tiloissa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 auttaa lyijyt\u00f6nt\u00e4 SMT-k\u00e4sittely\u00e4. HASL:ss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4n vuon on my\u00f6s oltava ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llist\u00e4, kierr\u00e4tett\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 ja yhteensopivaa SMT-vuonien kanssa, jotta ne sulavat yhdess\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.3 Musteet<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Piirilevylle j\u00e4\u00e4viin musteisiin kuuluvat juotosmaskin musteet, legendamusteet ja l\u00e4pivientien t\u00e4ytt\u00f6musteet. Mustekaavat ovat samanlaisia kuin laminaattikaavat. Ne sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa hartsia, bromattuja palonestoaineita ja kovetteita. Monet nykyaikaiset mustemerkit tuottavat jo musteita, joissa ei ole haitallisia aineita. Musteen valinnan on t\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4 ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t ja sen on my\u00f6s kestett\u00e4v\u00e4 toistuvia korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 SMT-syklej\u00e4. Musteet eiv\u00e4t saa delaminoitua, v\u00e4rj\u00e4\u00e4nty\u00e4, hilseill\u00e4 tai halkeilla k\u00e4sittelyn j\u00e4lkeen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.4 Lyijytt\u00f6mien materiaalien valvonta<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Raaka-aineiden hallinta on eritt\u00e4in t\u00e4rke\u00e4 osa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llist\u00e4 PCB-tuotantoa. Jos esimerkiksi lyijypitoinen juotostanko lis\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n vahingossa puhtaaseen tinapataan, tulos voi olla katastrofaalinen. Ep\u00e4suorista materiaaleista, kuten juoksuteista, per\u00e4isin olevia j\u00e4\u00e4mi\u00e4 ei saa j\u00e4tt\u00e4\u00e4 huomiotta. K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n toimenpiteit\u00e4 ovat mm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aseta materiaalikoodit halogeenittomille ja lyijytt\u00f6mille raaka-aineille.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e4yt\u00e4 v\u00e4rimerkint\u00f6j\u00e4 ja paina hyv\u00e4ksytty \u201cvihre\u00e4\u201d etiketti ulko- ja sis\u00e4pakkauksiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Green<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e4ilyt\u00e4 ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4lliset materiaalit erikseen varastossa ja tuotantotiloissa. M\u00e4\u00e4rit\u00e4 tietty henkil\u00f6kunta lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n niit\u00e4 tuotantoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toteutetaan \u201cvihre\u00e4n p\u00e4tev\u00e4n toimittajan\u201d sertifiointiohjelma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Lyijytt\u00f6mien prosessien valinta ja valvonta<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Piirilevyjen lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 pintaprosesseja ovat galvanoitu Ni\/Au, s\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00f6n Ni\/immersio Au, OSP (orgaaninen juotettavuuden s\u00e4il\u00f6nt\u00e4aine), upotustina (kemiallinen tina) ja upotushopea (kemiallinen hopea).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Vaiheet lyijytt\u00f6mien prosessien k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6notossa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Seuraa seuraavia vaiheita: tekninen suunnittelu \u2192 tekninen kehitys \u2192 luotettavuuden arviointi \u2192 materiaalihankinnat \u2192 hankkeen toteutus ja tekninen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6notto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Prosessin toteuttaminen ja valvonta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.2.1 CAM-suunnittelu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisten piirilevyjen projektitason suunnittelussa on otettava huomioon vaikutukset SMT-jatkojalostukseen ja piirilevyn toimintaan kokoonpanon j\u00e4lkeen. CAM-ty\u00f6ss\u00e4 olisi otettava huomioon SMT-vaiheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esimerkki layout-suunnittelusta (reititys ja pad-muodot):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Est\u00e4\u00e4 komponenttien liikkumisen aalto- tai valikoivan juotoksen aikana. Pienenn\u00e4 joidenkin tyynyjen halkaisijoita hieman silloitusriskin v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Est\u00e4 QFP-johtojen silloittuminen aaltojuottamisen aikana. Tarvittaessa kallista QFP-osia ja suunnittele tyhji\u00e4 juotosalueita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pehmeit\u00e4 lastuja varten noudatetaan aiempia s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4. Aseta suojakalvon aukot l\u00e4helle sis\u00e4reunoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehk\u00e4ise levyn v\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarkista levyn l\u00e4mm\u00f6nkest\u00e4vyys. Kiinnit\u00e4 huomiota pehme\u00e4n sulan huippul\u00e4mp\u00f6tiloihin kosteuden alla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valmistele suurille levyille tai levyille, joissa on painavia osia, keskelle tukialueita v\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kun sijoitat osia, pyri siihen, ett\u00e4 l\u00e4mp\u00f6massan jakautuminen on tasaista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ohuet monikerroksiset levyt tai levyt, joissa on leikattuja uria, v\u00e4\u00e4ntyv\u00e4t helposti pehme\u00e4n sulan l\u00e4mm\u00f6n vaikutuksesta. Harkitse muotoa ja kokoa huolellisesti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.2 Tekninen kehitys<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Prosessin kehitt\u00e4minen ja valvonta on ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisen piirilevytuotannon keskeinen osa-alue. K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n toimia ovat mm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c4l\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00e4 ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisi\u00e4 ja ei-ekologisia materiaaleja samalla linjalla. Erottele prosessit, kuten kehitys ja loppupuhdistus, toisistaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkitse ekotuotteet valmistusohjeisiin (MI). Vaaditaan allekirjoitusta, jolla vahvistetaan lyijyt\u00f6n prosessi, jotta k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4t muistuttavat siit\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tee ekotuotteiden tuotantov\u00e4lineist\u00e4 ja -laitteista n\u00e4kyvi\u00e4 n\u00e4kyvill\u00e4 merkinn\u00f6ill\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Musteiden on kestett\u00e4v\u00e4 toistuvia korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan lyijyt\u00f6nt\u00e4 SMT:t\u00e4. Esik\u00e4sittely ja alustan kuivaus ovat eritt\u00e4in t\u00e4rkeit\u00e4. HASL- tai lyijytt\u00f6m\u00e4n SMT:n j\u00e4lkeen muste saattaa irrota reikien reunoista. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtuu usein reikiin ja pinnoille j\u00e4\u00e4neest\u00e4 kosteudesta. Korkeassa kuumuudessa kosteus laajenee ja irrottaa mustetta kuparista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c4l\u00e4 lis\u00e4\u00e4 juotosmaskin musteeseen ohentimia. N\u00e4in v\u00e4ltet\u00e4\u00e4n liuottimen nopea haihtuminen reikiin kovassa kuumuudessa, mik\u00e4 voi aiheuttaa reikien vaurioitumisen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pid\u00e4 HASL-juotosastioiden kuparipitoisuus alle 0,85%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3 Luotettavuuden arviointi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Verrattuna muihin kuin ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisiin piirilevyihin ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4lliset piirilevyt tarvitsevat tiukempia luotettavuustestej\u00e4. Lis\u00e4\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 testit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Juotettavuustesti. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 samantyyppist\u00e4 lyijyt\u00f6nt\u00e4 juotosta kuin tuotannossa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e4mp\u00f6sokkitesti. Olosuhteet: -40 \u00b0C \/ 85 \u00b0C \/ 125 \u00b0C. 3000 syklin j\u00e4lkeen ei saa olla halkeamia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e4mp\u00f6syklitesti. Ei halkeamia eik\u00e4 kutistumishalkeamia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kosteusl\u00e4mp\u00f6koe. Olosuhteet: 60 \u00b0C ja 90-95% RH 500 tunnin ajan. Pitk\u00e4aikaisessa korkeassa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilassa ja kosteudessa ei saa esiinty\u00e4 metalliviiksim\u00e4isi\u00e4 tuotteita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llinen PCB SMT-loppukokoonpanossa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Lyijytt\u00f6m\u00e4n SMT:n ominaisuudet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lyijytt\u00f6m\u00e4ll\u00e4 juotteella on korkeampi sulamispiste. Sen kostuminen ja virtaus on heikompaa, l\u00e4mp\u00f6j\u00e4nnitys on suurempi, kostutettavuus on huonompi ja se on alttiimpi hapettumiselle. T\u00e4m\u00e4 edellytt\u00e4\u00e4 tiukempia valmistusolosuhteita ja laadunvalvontaa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.1 SMT-linjan suunnittelu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Nosta esil\u00e4mmitysl\u00e4mp\u00f6tilaa. S\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4 SMT-linjan nopeus noin 1,2-1,8 m\/min. Aseta kuljettimen kallistus 3-5 asteeseen. Tarjoa tarvittaessa l\u00e4mp\u00f6kompensointi, jotta SMT-alueen l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila pysyy vakaana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varmista hyv\u00e4 kostutus pit\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 oikea esil\u00e4mmitysl\u00e4mp\u00f6tila-alue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Juotospannu ja l\u00e4mm\u00f6ns\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osan pintal\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan on pysytt\u00e4v\u00e4 piirilevyn taatun l\u00e4mp\u00f6rajan alapuolella, kun taas piirilevyn takapuolella l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila voi nousta noin 250 \u00b0C:een. Lyhennet\u00e4\u00e4n l\u00e4mmitysvaiheiden v\u00e4list\u00e4 et\u00e4isyytt\u00e4, jotta aaltojen v\u00e4linen l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan lasku pysyy noin 55 \u00b0C:ssa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kun k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n Sn-Ag-Cu-juotosta, voi olla mahdollista lopettaa ensimm\u00e4isen aallon k\u00e4ytt\u00f6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.2 K\u00e4sik\u00e4ytt\u00f6inen uudelleenjuottaminen<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Aseta juotosraudan l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila noin 370 \u00b1 10 \u00b0C:een. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 kromattua k\u00e4rke\u00e4. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 80 W:n juotosrautaa lyhyit\u00e4 kosketusjaksoja, kuten 3 sekuntia, varten. Esil\u00e4mmit\u00e4 alustan l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila 50-60 \u00b0C:een. Jos juotosrauta on ollut pitk\u00e4\u00e4n k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6m\u00e4n\u00e4, puhdista ep\u00e4puhtaudet k\u00e4rjest\u00e4. Kostuta k\u00e4rki tuoreella juotteella ja katkaise sitten virta hapettumisen est\u00e4miseksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.3 Typpisuojauksen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6 ja sen hy\u00f6dyt<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Paranna prosessin ilmapiiri\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 hapettumista ja parantaa komponenttien johtimien juotoksen kostumista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parantaa ulkon\u00e4k\u00f6\u00e4, koska lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 liitoksia ei ole yht\u00e4 kiilt\u00e4v\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 v\u00e4rimuutosta, joka aiheutuu pitk\u00e4st\u00e4 korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan altistumisesta lyijytt\u00f6miss\u00e4 prosesseissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 Tutkimus ja erityiset prosessimuistiinpanot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

3.2.1 Tutki matalan sulamispisteen alle 125 \u00b0C:n juotoksia vaihtoehtona erityistapauksia varten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.2 K\u00e4yt\u00e4 paikallisia l\u00e4mmitysmenetelmi\u00e4 (pistel\u00e4mmitys, infrapuna tai RF) tiettyjen osien juottamiseen 240-260 \u00b0C:ssa. Osien on kestett\u00e4v\u00e4 kuumuutta yli 40 sekuntia. Paikallisia l\u00e4mmitysty\u00f6kaluja voivat olla esimerkiksi laserit, ksenon-salama (kosketuksettomat), kuumat liukus\u00e4\u00e4timet tai pulssil\u00e4mmittimet (kosketukselliset).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.3 Noudatetaan standardeja, kuten ISO 14000<\/a> ja asiakkaan prosessispesifikaatiot. Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisiin k\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6ihin kuuluvat lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 ja halogeenittomia materiaaleja, ilmanpuhdistus ja vuon talteenottoj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4t, joilla voidaan suodattaa ja kierr\u00e4tt\u00e4\u00e4 noin 90% vuota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.4 K\u00e4yt\u00e4 tarvittaessa homeen ja termiittien torjuntatoimenpiteit\u00e4 PCB:n osalta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.5 Tutkitaan ja k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kierr\u00e4tett\u00e4vi\u00e4 ja biohajoavia orgaanisia PCB-substraatteja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Yhteenvetotarkistuslista insin\u00f6\u00f6reille ja tuotantoryhmille<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tarkista kaikki raaka-aineiden analyysitodistukset (COA). Varmistetaan, ett\u00e4 halogeeni- ja lyijypitoisuudet ovat raja-arvojen alapuolella. S\u00e4ilytet\u00e4\u00e4n COA-tiedostot tarkastuksia varten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e4yt\u00e4 lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 ja halogeenittomia materiaaleja varten erillist\u00e4 varastointia ja selkeit\u00e4 merkint\u00f6j\u00e4. Kouluta henkil\u00f6kunta v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n ristikontaminaatiota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAD- ja CAM-s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6jen p\u00e4ivitt\u00e4minen lyijyt\u00f6nt\u00e4 k\u00e4sittely\u00e4 varten. S\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4 tyynyjen kokoja ja juotosmaskin aukkoja tarpeen mukaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suorita koeajoja ja arvioi juotettavuus-, l\u00e4mp\u00f6shokki-, l\u00e4mp\u00f6kierto- ja kostean l\u00e4mm\u00f6n testit. Seuraa tuloksia ja vertaa niit\u00e4 perustasoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HASL-kylvyn koostumuksen valvonta ja kuparipitoisuuden seuranta. Pid\u00e4 pinnoitus- ja puhdistusprosessit hyvin hallinnassa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varmista, ett\u00e4 SMT-linjojen esil\u00e4mmitysalueet ovat vakaita. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 mahdollisuuksien mukaan typpe\u00e4 hapettumisen v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parannetaan kuivaus- ja paistovaiheita kosteuden poistamiseksi ennen korkean l\u00e4mp\u00f6tilan prosesseja. K\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n valvottuja uuneja substraatin kuivaukseen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e4yt\u00e4 conformal-pinnoitetta, kun tuotteen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6 tai ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6 vaatii ylim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4ist\u00e4 kosteussuojaa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yll\u00e4pid\u00e4 toimittajien tarkastuksia ja hyv\u00e4ksy vain vihreit\u00e4 p\u00e4tevi\u00e4 toimittajia. Vaadi toimittajilta ilmoituksia RoHS- ja halogeenittomuudesta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suunnittele k\u00e4ytt\u00f6i\u00e4n loppup\u00e4\u00e4n kierr\u00e4tys. Suunnittele purkaminen ja materiaalien hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4minen mahdollisuuksien mukaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Loppumuistiinpanot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

RoHS-s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6jen noudattaminen ei ole pelkk\u00e4 materiaalimuutos. Se on muutos koko toimitusketjussa. Se vaikuttaa materiaalivalintoihin, tehtaan prosessinohjaukseen, tuotesuunnitteluun ja loppukokoonpanoon. Se muuttaa my\u00f6s testausta ja pitk\u00e4n aikav\u00e4lin luotettavuusty\u00f6t\u00e4. Tiimien on suunniteltava huolellisesti ja toimittava vaiheittain. Aloitetaan tiukalla materiaalivalvonnalla ja CAM-suunnittelulla. Kehitet\u00e4\u00e4n vakaita lyijytt\u00f6mi\u00e4 prosesseja. Suorita perusteelliset luotettavuustestit. Kouluttakaa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ji\u00e4 ja pit\u00e4k\u00e4\u00e4 selke\u00e4\u00e4 kirjanpitoa. N\u00e4iden vaiheiden avulla piirilevyvalmistajat voivat toimittaa RoHS-standardin mukaisia ja luotettavia tuotteita asiakkaille ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6lle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Since the European Union formally legislated “lead-free” in December 2003, the global electronics industry felt a strong impact. 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