{"id":4796,"date":"2026-03-11T09:33:04","date_gmt":"2026-03-11T09:33:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4796"},"modified":"2026-03-11T09:33:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T09:33:06","slug":"pcb-grounding-best-practices-for-low-noise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/fi\/pcb-grounding-best-practices-for-low-noise\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB-maadoituksen parhaat k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6t alhaisen melun saavuttamiseksi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maajohtimilla ja maatasoilla on impedanssi. Kun virta kulkee maadoituspolun l\u00e4pi, polulle syntyy j\u00e4nnite. T\u00e4m\u00e4 j\u00e4nnite on kohinaa. Kohinaj\u00e4nnite on yksi h\u00e4iri\u00f6l\u00e4hteist\u00e4, jotka voivat vahingoittaa j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n vakautta. Maakohinan pienent\u00e4miseksi on siis ensin pienennett\u00e4v\u00e4 maadoitusimpedanssia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuten kaikki tiet\u00e4v\u00e4t, maa on virran paluureitti. Mink\u00e4 tahansa signaalin osalta signaalin on l\u00f6ydett\u00e4v\u00e4 maadoitusreitti, jolla on pienin impedanssi. On siis eritt\u00e4in t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4, miten k\u00e4sittelemme t\u00e4t\u00e4 paluureitti\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 - Miksi paluupolun koolla ja muodolla on merkityst\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ensinn\u00e4kin s\u00e4teilyn kaavasta tied\u00e4mme, ett\u00e4 s\u00e4teilyn voimakkuus on verrannollinen silmukan pinta-alaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 mit\u00e4 pidempi paluupolku ja mit\u00e4 suurempi silmukka on, sit\u00e4 enemm\u00e4n se s\u00e4teilee ja h\u00e4iritsee muita piirej\u00e4. Kun piirilevy\u00e4 suunnitellaan, on siis pyritt\u00e4v\u00e4 tekem\u00e4\u00e4n tehon ja signaalin paluusilmukoista mahdollisimman pienet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toiseksi, kun kyseess\u00e4 on nopea signaali, hyv\u00e4n paluureitin tarjoaminen auttaa s\u00e4ilytt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n signaalin laadun. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtuu siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 piirilevyn siirtojohdon ominaisimpedanssi lasketaan yleens\u00e4 suhteessa maatasoon (tai tehotasoon). Jos nopean johtimen l\u00e4hell\u00e4 on jatkuva maataso, johtimen impedanssi pysyy vakiona. Jos johtimen osalla ei ole l\u00e4hell\u00e4 maadoitusvertailua, impedanssi muuttuu. T\u00e4m\u00e4 impedanssin ep\u00e4jatkuvuus haittaa signaalin eheytt\u00e4. Sen vuoksi reititett\u00e4ess\u00e4 nopeat j\u00e4ljet on sijoitettava kerroksiin, jotka ovat l\u00e4hell\u00e4 maatasoa. Tai kuljeta yksi tai kaksi maajohtoa rinnakkain nopean johtimen vieress\u00e4. N\u00e4m\u00e4 maaj\u00e4ljet toimivat kuin suojaus ja tarjoavat l\u00e4heisen paluupolun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolmanneksi, v\u00e4lt\u00e4 signaalien reititt\u00e4mist\u00e4 jaettujen tehotasojen yli aina kun mahdollista. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtuu siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 kun signaali ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 eri teho- tai maajakoja, sen paluupolusta tulee pitk\u00e4 ja se voi vastaanottaa h\u00e4iri\u00f6it\u00e4. T\u00e4st\u00e4 huolimatta jakotasojen ylitt\u00e4minen ei ole ehdottoman kielletty\u00e4 matalan nopeuden signaaleille, koska niiden aiheuttamat h\u00e4iri\u00f6t voivat olla pieni\u00e4. Osoitteessa nopea<\/a> merkkej\u00e4, sinun on oltava varovainen ja v\u00e4ltett\u00e4v\u00e4 halkiotien ylitt\u00e4mist\u00e4 aina kun voit. Voit my\u00f6s yritt\u00e4\u00e4 muuttaa voimakoneiden reitityst\u00e4 auttaaksesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monet s\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettiset h\u00e4iri\u00f6ongelmat johtuvat maadoituksesta. Maadoituspotentiaali on koko virtapiirin referenssi. Jos maa ei ole vakaa, piiri voi ep\u00e4onnistua. Maadoitussuunnittelun tavoitteena on pit\u00e4\u00e4 maadoituspotentiaali mahdollisimman vakaana ja siten poistaa h\u00e4iri\u00f6t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Signaalien maadoitusmenetelm\u00e4t jakautuvat yleens\u00e4 nelj\u00e4\u00e4n tyyppiin: kelluva maadoitus, yksipistemaadoitus, monipistemaadoitus ja sekamaadoitus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

2 - Maadoitustyypit<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

A. Kelluva maa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tarkoitus:<\/strong> Pid\u00e4 piiri tai laite eristettyn\u00e4 yhteisist\u00e4 johtimista, jotka voivat aiheuttaa maasilmukoita. Kelluva maadoitus helpottaa my\u00f6s sellaisten piirien yhdist\u00e4mist\u00e4, joiden potentiaalit eroavat toisistaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haittapuoli:<\/strong> Se voi helposti ker\u00e4t\u00e4 staattisen varauksen ja aiheuttaa voimakkaan s\u00e4hk\u00f6staattisen purkauksen (ESD).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kompromissi:<\/strong> Lis\u00e4\u00e4 purkausvastukset varauksen poistamiseksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

B. Yhden pisteen maadoitus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yhden pisteen maadoitus tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 jokaisen virtapiirin maadoitus liittyy yhteiseen maahan samassa pisteess\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voidaan jakaa sarjan yksipistemaadoitukseen ja rinnakkaiseen yksipistemaadoitukseen. \u00c4l\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00e4 yksipistemaadoitusta j\u00e4rjestelmiss\u00e4, joissa suuritehoiset ja pienitehoiset piirit sekoittuvat. Suuritehoisen osan maasulkuvirrat vaikuttavat pienitehoisiin osiin. Lis\u00e4ksi herkin piiri olisi sijoitettava yhteiseen pisteeseen, koska siin\u00e4 pisteess\u00e4 on vakain potentiaali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yhden pisteen maadoituksen suurin etu on se, ett\u00e4 maasilmukoita ei ole, joten suunnittelu on suhteellisen yksinkertaista. Maadoitusjohdot voivat kuitenkin olla pitki\u00e4 ja maadoitusimpedanssi voi olla suuri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yhden pisteen maadoitus voidaan tehd\u00e4 kahdella tavalla:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"single-point<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Sarjan yksipistemaadoitus<\/strong> - T\u00e4m\u00e4 on yksinkertaista. Mutta koska on olemassa yhteinen maadoitusjohdin, on olemassa yhteinen maadoitusimpedanssi. Jos sarjassa olevilla piireill\u00e4 on hyvin erilaiset tehotasot, ne h\u00e4iritsev\u00e4t voimakkaasti toisiaan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Rinnakkainen yksipistemaadoitus<\/strong> - Jokainen piiri johtaa maadoitusjohdon takaisin yhteiseen pisteeseen erikseen. N\u00e4in v\u00e4ltet\u00e4\u00e4n kytkeytyminen yhteiseen maahan. Se vaatii kuitenkin useita maadoitusjohtoja, eik\u00e4 se ole monissa tapauksissa k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6llist\u00e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Todellisissa malleissa voit k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 sekoitettua yhden pisteen l\u00e4hestymistapaa, jossa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n sek\u00e4 sarja- ett\u00e4 rinnakkaiskytkent\u00e4\u00e4. Laita piirit, jotka eiv\u00e4t h\u00e4iritse toisiaan, samalle kerrokselle. Laita piirit, jotka h\u00e4iritsev\u00e4t toisiaan helposti, eri kerroksiin. Liit\u00e4 sitten maadoitetut kerrokset rinnakkain yhteiseen pisteeseen. (Alkuper\u00e4isess\u00e4 tekstiss\u00e4 viitattiin kuvaan t\u00e4ss\u00e4.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"Mixed<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e4yt\u00e4:<\/strong> Yksipistemaadoitus soveltuu matalille k\u00e4ytt\u00f6taajuuksille (< 1 MHz).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Haittapuoli:<\/strong> Ei hyv\u00e4 korkeataajuustilanteissa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yksipistemaadoitus ei sovellu korkeataajuuspiireihin, koska maadoitusjohdot ovat pitki\u00e4 ja johtojen impedanssi on v\u00e4ist\u00e4m\u00e4t\u00f6n. Suurtaajuuspiireiss\u00e4 on harkittava monipistemaadoitusta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    C. Monipistemaadoitus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e4yt\u00e4 monipistemaadoitusta korkeilla k\u00e4ytt\u00f6taajuuksilla (> 30 MHz). Monipistej\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4ss\u00e4 yksitt\u00e4iset maadoitussilmukat korvataan yhdell\u00e4 maatasolla, jota jokainen piirin osa voi k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4. Maadoitusjohdon induktiivinen reaktanssi kasvaa taajuuden ja johdon pituuden my\u00f6t\u00e4. Korkeilla taajuuksilla yhteinen maadoitusimpedanssi kasvaa. Siksi maadoitusjohdon pituus on pidett\u00e4v\u00e4 mahdollisimman lyhyen\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kun k\u00e4yt\u00e4t monipistemaadoitusta, yrit\u00e4 l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4hin matalaimpedanssinen maadoituspinta, johon kytkeyty\u00e4. Korkeataajuiset digitaalipiirit tarvitsevat rinnakkaismaadoituksen. Yksinkertainen tapa tehd\u00e4 t\u00e4m\u00e4 on k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 maadoitusl\u00e4pivientej\u00e4. Kun piirej\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n korkeilla taajuuksilla, kuvittele, ett\u00e4 korkeataajuinen signaali liikkuu maajohtoa pitkin ja vaikuttaa l\u00e4heisiin piireihin. T\u00e4m\u00e4 voi olla eritt\u00e4in huono asia. Kaikkien piirien on siis palattava maadoitukseen l\u00e4hell\u00e4. Maajohtojen on oltava lyhyit\u00e4. Siksi on olemassa monipistemaadoitus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Monipistemaadoituksen tavoitteena on alentaa maadoitusimpedanssia. Jos haluat alentaa impedanssia suurtaajuuspiiriss\u00e4, ota huomioon kaksi asiaa: alenna maadoitusresistanssia ja alenna maadoitusinduktanssia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"Multipoint<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Menetelm\u00e4t:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Pienempi johtimen vastus.<\/strong> Resistanssin ja poikkipinta-alan v\u00e4lisest\u00e4 suhteesta tiedet\u00e4\u00e4n, ett\u00e4 johtimen pinta-alan kasvattaminen pienent\u00e4\u00e4 tasavirtavastusta. Mutta korkeilla taajuuksilla skini-ilmi\u00f6 aiheuttaa virran kulkemisen l\u00e4hell\u00e4 johtimien pintaa, joten pelkk\u00e4 poikkipinnan kasvattaminen vaikuttaa vain rajoitetusti. Voit harkita johtimen pinnoittamista hopealla, koska hopea johtaa paremmin kuin monet muut metallit ja voi v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 johtimen vastusta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Pienempi induktanssi.<\/strong> Paras keino on lis\u00e4t\u00e4 maapinta-alaa. K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ss\u00e4 lyhyet maadoitusjohdot ja suuri maapinta-ala parantavat h\u00e4iri\u00f6nsietokyky\u00e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00e4ss\u00e4 vaiheessa jotkut saattavat kysy\u00e4, mit\u00e4 pidet\u00e4\u00e4n suurtaajuuspiirin\u00e4. Professori Yang Jishenin kirjan mukaan - S\u00e4hk\u00f6magneettinen yhteensopivuus (EMC) Tekniikka<\/em>,<\/a> yleens\u00e4 alle 1 MHz:n piirit ovat matalataajuisia ja niiss\u00e4 voidaan k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 yhden pisteen maadoitusta. Yli 10 MHz:n piirit ovat korkeataajuisia ja niiss\u00e4 on k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4 monipistemaadoitusta. Jos pisin maadoitusjohto on alle 1\/20 aallonpituudesta 1 MHz:n tai 10 MHz:n taajuudella, yksipistemaadoitus voi silti toimia. Muussa tapauksessa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n monipistemaadoitusta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      D. Sekapohja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Jos piiriss\u00e4 on sek\u00e4 korkea- ett\u00e4 matalataajuisia signaaleja, sekamaadoitus on hyv\u00e4 valinta. (Alkuper\u00e4isess\u00e4 tekstiss\u00e4 viitattiin toiseen kuvaan t\u00e4ss\u00e4.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Katso kuviota ja kahta esitetty\u00e4 rakennetta. Oletetaan, ett\u00e4 ensimm\u00e4inen rakenne toimii enimm\u00e4kseen matalataajuisessa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4. Kapasitiivisen reaktanssin kaavasta Zc=12\u03c0fCZ_c = \\frac{1}{2\\pi f C}Zc=2\u03c0fC1 tied\u00e4mme, ett\u00e4 matalilla taajuuksilla kapasitiivinen reaktanssi on suuri, kun taas korkeilla taajuuksilla se on pieni. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 kytkenn\u00e4ss\u00e4 maadoituslinkki on siis avoin matalalla taajuudella ja l\u00e4hes suljettu korkealla taajuudella. T\u00e4ll\u00e4 johdotuksella voidaan v\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4 maasilmukan h\u00e4iri\u00f6t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"Hybrid<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Toisen rakenteen oletetaan toimivan l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 korkeataajuisessa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4. Induktiivisen reaktanssin kaavasta ZL=2\u03c0fLZ_L = 2\\pi f LZL=2\u03c0fL tied\u00e4mme, ett\u00e4 induktiivinen reaktanssi on pieni matalalla taajuudella ja suuri korkealla taajuudella. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 kytkenn\u00e4ss\u00e4 maadoituslinkki k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyy siis matalalla taajuudella kuin johdin ja on avoin korkealla taajuudella. T\u00e4ll\u00e4 johdotuksella voidaan v\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4 maasilmukkavirtoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      3 - Tapoja yhdist\u00e4\u00e4 eri maadoitukset<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

      Jos et halua k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kokonaista tasoa yhteisen\u00e4 maadoituksena ja moduulissa on kaksi maadoitusverkkoa, sinun on jaettava maataso. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on usein vuorovaikutuksessa virtatason kanssa. Tavat, joilla maadoitukset voidaan liitt\u00e4\u00e4 toisiinsa, ovat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Tavallinen j\u00e4lki perustusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/strong> N\u00e4in saadaan luotettava matalaimpedanssinen liit\u00e4nt\u00e4 keski- ja matalataajuisille signaaleille.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Korkea vastus maadoitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/strong> Suuri vastus sallii pienen vuotovirran, jos sen yli syntyy j\u00e4nnite. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtaa hitaasti varausta, kunnes potentiaalierosta tulee nolla. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 t\u00e4t\u00e4 sitoaksesi kelluvia maadoituksia varovasti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Kondensaattori maadoitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/strong> Kondensaattori est\u00e4\u00e4 tasavirran, mutta l\u00e4p\u00e4isee vaihtovirran. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 t\u00e4t\u00e4 kelluvissa maadoitusj\u00e4rjestelmiss\u00e4 korkeataajuisen kohinan l\u00e4p\u00e4isemiseksi ja tasavirran est\u00e4miseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Ferriittihelmi (magneettihelmi) maadoitusten v\u00e4liss\u00e4.<\/strong> Ferriittihelmi toimii kuin taajuudesta riippuva vastus. Se n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 resistiiviselt\u00e4 korkeilla taajuuksilla. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 sit\u00e4 heikkojen signaalien maadoittamiseen pienill\u00e4 nopeilla virtapiikeill\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      5. Induktori maadoitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/strong> Induktori kest\u00e4\u00e4 nopeita muutoksia. Se voi tasoittaa huippuja ja t\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 laaksoja. K\u00e4yt\u00e4 sit\u00e4 sellaisten maadoitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4, joissa on suuria virranvaihteluita.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      6. Pieni vastus maadoitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/strong> Pieni vastus lis\u00e4\u00e4 vaimennusta hidastaakseen nopeita maavirran muutoksia. Kun virta muuttuu nopeasti, t\u00e4m\u00e4 vastus tekee nousevasta reunasta v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n jyrk\u00e4n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Kaikilla n\u00e4ill\u00e4 valinnoilla voidaan hallita melun siirtymist\u00e4 \u00e4\u00e4nialojen v\u00e4lill\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n

        4 - Analoginen maa ja digitaalinen maa<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

        Sek\u00e4 analogiset ett\u00e4 digitaaliset signaalit tarvitsevat paluun maahan. Digitaaliset signaalit muuttuvat nopeasti. Ne aiheuttavat paljon kohinaa digitaalisessa maadoituksessa. Analogiset signaalit tarvitsevat puhtaan maadoitusviitteen toimiakseen hyvin. Jos analoginen ja digitaalinen maa sekoittuvat, digitaalisen maan kohina vaikuttaa analogisiin signaaleihin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Yleisesti ottaen analoginen ja digitaalinen maadoitus on erotettava toisistaan. Yhdist\u00e4 ne sitten ohuella johtimella tai yhdell\u00e4 pisteell\u00e4. P\u00e4\u00e4ajatuksena on est\u00e4\u00e4 digitaalisen maapiirin kohinan p\u00e4\u00e4sy analogiseen maapiiriin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n

        5 - T\u00e4htimaa<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00e4htimaadoituksen teoria perustuu siihen, ett\u00e4 piiriss\u00e4 on yksi piste, joka toimii kaikkien j\u00e4nnitteiden vertailukohtana. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on t\u00e4htipiste. Voit kuvitella sen: monet johdot kulkevat yhdest\u00e4 yhteisest\u00e4 pisteest\u00e4 s\u00e4teitt\u00e4isesti kuin t\u00e4hden s\u00e4teet. T\u00e4htipiste ei v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 n\u00e4yt\u00e4 t\u00e4hdelt\u00e4 piirilevyll\u00e4. Se voi olla piste maatasossa. T\u00e4htimaadoitusj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n keskeinen ominaisuus on, ett\u00e4 kaikki j\u00e4nnitteet mitataan suhteessa samaan pisteeseen maaverkossa, ei johonkin ep\u00e4varmaan \u201cmaa\u201d-vertailukohteeseen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n

        6 - Miten suojat maadoitetaan<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

        Suojatun kaapelin suojaus ja kaapelin tyhjennysjohto on kytkett\u00e4v\u00e4 piirilevyn liit\u00e4nt\u00e4maahan, ei signaalimaahan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 johtuu siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 signaalimaassa on usein paljon kohinaj\u00e4nnitteit\u00e4. Jos suojaus kytket\u00e4\u00e4n h\u00e4iri\u00f6alttiiseen signaalimaahan, kohinaj\u00e4nnite johtaa yhteisvirtaa suojaukseen ja aiheuttaa ulkoisia h\u00e4iri\u00f6it\u00e4. Huono kaapelisuunnittelu ja huono suojamaadoitus ovat usein suurin EMI:n l\u00e4hde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n

        Yhteenveto<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

        Valitse k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00f6ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6n sopiva maadoitusmenetelm\u00e4. Hyv\u00e4ll\u00e4 valinnalla voidaan v\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4 h\u00e4iri\u00f6t ja antaa paras piirin suorituskyky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Pid\u00e4 paluusilmukat pienin\u00e4 s\u00e4teilyn v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Pid\u00e4 suurnopeusjohdot jatkuvien maatasojen vieress\u00e4 vakaan impedanssin varmistamiseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • V\u00e4lt\u00e4 mahdollisuuksien mukaan tehotasojen jakojen ylitt\u00e4mist\u00e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Matalataajuisissa j\u00e4rjestelmiss\u00e4 (< 1 MHz) yksipistemaadoitus toimii usein.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • K\u00e4yt\u00e4 suurtaajuusj\u00e4rjestelmiss\u00e4 (> 10 MHz) monipistemaadoitusta ja lyhyit\u00e4 maadoituspolkuja, joissa on paljon paluualuetta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • K\u00e4yt\u00e4 sekaj\u00e4rjestelmiss\u00e4 hybridimenetelm\u00e4\u00e4, jossa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kondensaattoreita, induktoreita, vastuksia, ferriittihelmi\u00e4 tai pieni\u00e4 j\u00e4lki\u00e4 kytkenn\u00e4n hallitsemiseksi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Erottele analoginen ja digitaalinen maadoitus ja yhdist\u00e4 ne huolellisesti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Sido kaapelin suojat liittimen maahan tai alustan maahan, ei meluisaan signaalimaahan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          N\u00e4m\u00e4 vaiheet auttavat alentamaan maadoitusimpedanssia ja v\u00e4hent\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n maah\u00e4iri\u00f6it\u00e4, jolloin j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4st\u00e4 tulee vakaampi ja luotettavampi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Ground traces and ground planes have impedance. When current flows through a ground path, a voltage will appear on that 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