{"id":4732,"date":"2026-02-27T06:10:50","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T06:10:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4732"},"modified":"2026-02-27T06:10:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T06:10:54","slug":"how-to-select-pcb-copper-thickness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/szl\/how-to-select-pcb-copper-thickness\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Select PCB Copper Thickness"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. What is copper foil?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Copper foil is a thin, continuous metal sheet. It is an electro-deposited, negative-type material. The foil is plated onto the base of the PCB. It acts as the conductor on the board. It bonds well to insulating layers. It takes solder mask and other protective layers. After etching, the remaining copper forms the circuit pattern. In early production, people used rolled copper foil. That means copper blocks are flattened into thin sheets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, how thick is the copper foil on a PCB?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Unit for copper thickness: oz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>PCB copper thickness is usually given in oz (ounce). Ounce is a weight unit. The relation between ounce and gram is:<br>1 oz \u2248 28.35 g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the PCB industry, 1 oz means the weight of 1 oz of copper spread evenly over 1 square foot (ft\u00b2). That even layer has a certain thickness. That thickness is about 35 \u03bcm. Using a formula:<br>1 oz = 28.35 g \/ ft\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below I show the calculation step by step so the result is clear:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Take 1 oz mass: 28.35 g.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Copper density: 8.93 g\/cm\u00b3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 ft\u00b2 = 929.03 cm\u00b2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Thickness in cm = mass \/ (density \u00d7 area)<br>= 28.35 \/ (8.93 \u00d7 929.03) cm<br>= 28.35 \/ 82973.558 \u2248 0.00341721 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Convert to micrometers (\u03bcm): 0.00341721 cm = 0.00341721 \u00d7 10,000 \u03bcm = 34.17 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So 1 oz copper foil \u2248 <strong>34.17 \u03bcm<\/strong>. This value is usually rounded and quoted as <strong>35 \u03bcm<\/strong>. In imperial units, 34.17 \u03bcm = 0.03417 mm. One mil = 0.0254 mm, so thickness \u2248 1.345 mil. People often say <strong>1 oz \u2248 35 \u03bcm \u2248 1.35 mil<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Common copper thickness values<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Common copper thickness values used in PCBs are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0.5 oz \u2248 17.5 \u03bcm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 oz \u2248 35 \u03bcm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 oz \u2248 70 \u03bcm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 oz \u2248 105 \u03bcm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical single- and <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/szl\/pcb-manufacturer\/multilayer-pcb\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-manufacturer\/multilayer-pcb\/\">double-sided PCBs<\/a> use about <strong>35 \u03bcm (1 oz)<\/strong> copper. Some boards use <strong>50 \u03bcm<\/strong> or <strong>70 \u03bcm<\/strong> copper too. For multilayer boards, the outer layers are often <strong>35 \u03bcm (1 oz)<\/strong>. Inner layers are often <strong>17.5 \u03bcm (0.5 oz)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thick-copper boards start at about <strong>3 oz<\/strong> and above. These boards are used in high-current or high-voltage products, such as power supplies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Current carrying capacity for different copper thicknesses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is a practical table showing typical current capacity for copper strips of different thickness and width. The table lists current (A) and required width (mm) for copper thicknesses of <strong>70 \u03bcm<\/strong>, <strong>50 \u03bcm<\/strong>, and <strong>35 \u03bcm<\/strong>. The test thickness parameter in the table is t = 10 (this is a sample reference value used in the source table).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> When you use copper foil as a conductor for high current, it is common to derate the table values by <strong>50%<\/strong> for a safe choice. That means pick a width that corresponds to about half the listed current if you want a safety margin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Current (A) \/ Width (mm) for 70 \u03bcm<\/th><th>Current (A) \/ Width (mm) for 50 \u03bcm<\/th><th>Current (A) \/ Width (mm) for 35 \u03bcm<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>6.00 A \u2014 2.50 mm<\/td><td>5.10 A \u2014 2.50 mm<\/td><td>4.50 A \u2014 2.50 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5.10 A \u2014 2.00 mm<\/td><td>4.30 A \u2014 2.00 mm<\/td><td>4.00 A \u2014 2.00 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4.20 A \u2014 1.50 mm<\/td><td>3.50 A \u2014 1.50 mm<\/td><td>3.20 A \u2014 1.50 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.60 A \u2014 1.20 mm<\/td><td>3.00 A \u2014 1.20 mm<\/td><td>2.70 A \u2014 1.20 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.20 A \u2014 1.00 mm<\/td><td>2.60 A \u2014 1.00 mm<\/td><td>2.30 A \u2014 1.00 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.80 A \u2014 0.80 mm<\/td><td>2.40 A \u2014 0.80 mm<\/td><td>2.00 A \u2014 0.80 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.30 A \u2014 0.60 mm<\/td><td>1.90 A \u2014 0.60 mm<\/td><td>1.60 A \u2014 0.60 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.00 A \u2014 0.50 mm<\/td><td>1.70 A \u2014 0.50 mm<\/td><td>1.35 A \u2014 0.50 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.70 A \u2014 0.40 mm<\/td><td>1.35 A \u2014 0.40 mm<\/td><td>1.10 A \u2014 0.40 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.30 A \u2014 0.30 mm<\/td><td>1.10 A \u2014 0.30 mm<\/td><td>0.80 A \u2014 0.30 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>0.90 A \u2014 0.20 mm<\/td><td>0.70 A \u2014 0.20 mm<\/td><td>0.55 A \u2014 0.20 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>0.70 A \u2014 0.15 mm<\/td><td>0.50 A \u2014 0.15 mm<\/td><td>0.20 A \u2014 0.15 mm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Again, choose a safe margin. A common rule is to reduce these table values by 50% when you design for production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Other practical notes on copper as a conductor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If you use copper foil as a long strip conductor, you must check its current capacity. For example, take a typical thickness of <strong>0.03 mm (30 \u03bcm)<\/strong>. If the copper strip has width W (mm) and length L (mm), the DC resistance can be approximated by: R \u2248 0.0005 \u00d7 L \/ W (ohm) This formula gives a quick estimate for design checks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Copper current capacity also depends on the parts on the board, number and types of parts, and cooling. So real current capacity depends on both copper geometry and thermal conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A practical rule of thumb is: current capacity \u2248 0.15 \u00d7 W (A). This is an empirical estimate used in some cases. It is simple and conservative for many boards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Example: area and current density<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Take a common case: copper thickness <strong>35 \u03bcm<\/strong> and trace width <strong>1 mm<\/strong>. The cross-sectional area is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Area = thickness \u00d7 width = 0.035 mm \u00d7 1 mm = 0.035 mm\u00b2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If you use a current density rule of <strong>30 A\/mm\u00b2<\/strong>, then current per 1 mm width \u2248 30 \u00d7 0.035 = 1.05 A. So roughly 1 A per mm trace width under that rule of thumb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. IPC formulas for more accurate current and temperature rise<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electronics.org\/TOC\/IPC-2152.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPC-2152<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/standards.globalspec.com\/std\/155369\/ipc-d-275\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/standards.globalspec.com\/std\/155369\/ipc-d-275\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPC-D-275<\/a> give more accurate models. The text includes IPC-D-275 formulas in a common form:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For internal traces: I = 0.0150 \u00d7 (\u0394T^0.5453) \u00d7 (A^0.7349)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For external traces: I = 0.0647 \u00d7 (\u0394T^0.4281) \u00d7 (A^0.6732)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In these formulas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I is current in amps.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0394T is allowed temperature rise in \u00b0C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A is cross-sectional area in mil\u00b2 (or other units depending on how you apply the formula). Use consistent units when you apply the formulas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use IPC methods if you need accurate allowed current for a given temperature rise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Copper thickness and dielectric matching<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In PCB design, \u201ccopper thickness \u2014 dielectric matching\u201d means you choose copper thickness and the board dielectric together. This is to meet electrical needs, thermal needs, and mechanical needs. Key points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.1 Copper weight (copper thickness)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Unit: oz\/ft\u00b2 (for example, 0.5 oz, 1 oz, 2 oz, 3 oz).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 oz \u2248 35 \u03bcm \u2248 1.35 mil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effects:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Current carrying: thicker copper carries more current.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loss: at high frequency, skin effect matters. Thicker copper can reduce conductor loss in some cases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thermal: thicker copper helps heat spread.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Etching: thicker copper makes fine etch work harder. Minimum trace width and spacing may increase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cost: thicker copper costs more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.2 Dielectric material<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Key dielectric properties:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dielectric constant (Dk or \u03b5r): affects signal speed and impedance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loss tangent (Df): affects high-frequency loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thickness (H): with copper thickness, H decides impedance and capacitance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CTE and Tg: thermal reliability.<br>Common materials: <strong>fr4<\/strong> for general use, high-Tg fr4, and special high-frequency materials (e.g., Rogers).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.3 Matching rules<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For impedance control, a common microstrip formula is: Z0 \u2248 (87 \/ sqrt(\u03b5r_eff + 1.41)) * ln(5.98H \/ (0.8W + T)) where Z0 is impedance, \u03b5r_eff is effective dielectric constant, H is dielectric thickness, W is trace width, T is copper thickness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If copper thickness goes up, impedance goes down for the same width and dielectric. So you must increase width or increase dielectric thickness to keep the same impedance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For high-frequency signals, skin depth matters. Copper thickness should be at least several times skin depth at the highest frequency of interest. For very high frequencies, surface roughness also matters. Use low-roughness copper if you need low loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For power planes and heavy current, use thicker copper (\u2265 2 oz) and consider thermally conductive dielectric or metal-core boards for heat management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.4 Manufacturability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Thick copper (\u2265 3 oz) needs larger trace\/spacing rules to avoid etch problems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thin dielectrics require tight control over copper thickness. Variations affect impedance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Selection table (short guide)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Application Scenario<\/th><th>Recommended Copper Weight<\/th><th>Recommended Dielectric Material<\/th><th>Matching Reason<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>High-speed digital (&gt;5 Gbps)<\/td><td>0.5 oz \u2013 1 oz<\/td><td>low-Df FR4 \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rogerscorp.com\/advanced-electronics-solutions\/ro4000-series-laminates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rogers RO4000<\/a><\/td><td>Fine routing, low loss, easier impedance control.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power modules \/ high current<\/td><td>2 oz \u2013 6 oz+<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/szl\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">FR4<\/a> High-Tg \/ high-thermal-conductivity materials<\/td><td>Higher current capacity and better heat dissipation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RF \/ microwave (&gt;10 GHz)<\/td><td>0.5 oz (low roughness)<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rogerscorp.com\/advanced-electronics-solutions\/ro3000-series-laminates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rogers RO3000<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/szl\/pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4685\">Teflon (PTFE)<\/a><\/td><td>Ultra-low loss and optimized surface effects for RF.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>General consumer electronics<\/td><td>1 oz<\/td><td>standard FR4<\/td><td>Balanced cost and mature process.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High-density HDI boards<\/td><td>0.5 oz \u2013 1 oz<\/td><td>FR4 High-Tg \/ low-CTE materials<\/td><td>Fine traces and reliable laser via performance.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Practical advice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>State your needs first: current, signal speed, impedance, heat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plan stackup with proper tools.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do impedance simulation with material Dk and copper thickness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ask the board house about its copper thickness tolerances and dielectric options.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For high-frequency cases, measure material Dk and Df if possible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The nominal copper weight (like 1 oz) is the starting thickness before etch. After etch the trace may have tapered sides. For real impedance checks use either average thickness or board house guidance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. What is copper foil? Copper foil is a thin, continuous metal sheet. It is an electro-deposited, negative-type material. The 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