{"id":2145,"date":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2145"},"modified":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","slug":"rf-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF): T\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"
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B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF PCB) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 300 kHz tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 300 GHz.<\/p>

\"RF<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, hay RF, l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y khi c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn. D\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a RF kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho r\u1eb1ng RF n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 30 MHz \u0111\u1ebfn 3 GHz. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 300 MHz \u0111\u1ebfn 40 GHz. C\u00e1c d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi s\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 1 megam\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn 1 m\u00e9t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 30 Hz \u0111\u1ebfn 300 MHz. Ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa RF v\u00e0 vi s\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm. Ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>

B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF PCB) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/h1>

Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF), ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean PCB, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u00f3 theo hai c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u1eadp trung. C\u00e1ch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tham s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc chung nh\u01b0 sau: N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l chia cho b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u03bb b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,05, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, li\u00ean k\u1ebft RF c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn PCB hi\u1ebfm khi d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 50 cm. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf 30 MHz. C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean 3 GHz th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi s\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 0,5 mm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 30 GHz. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng PCB RF l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i PCB d\u00e0nh cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 30 MHz \u0111\u1ebfn 6 GHz. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung hay ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>

Do h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng cao, n\u00ean s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea3i si\u00eau m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i th\u1ea5p. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u trong d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m d\u00ednh t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi d\u00e2y d\u1eabn.<\/p>

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cao. Kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m d\u00ednh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 h\u00e0n.<\/p>

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch RF<\/h1>

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n trong b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) vi s\u00f3ng<\/h2>

M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 vi s\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eafn c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb vi s\u00f3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch RF, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i vi s\u00f3ng.<\/p>

Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n<\/h2>

Tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF PCB), c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn in ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. Tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u PCB v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch RF<\/h2>

C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch RF th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 suy hao th\u1ea5p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00f4ng ty ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 FR4, TACONIC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ROGERS l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n cho m\u1ea1ch RF.<\/p>

\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a FR-4<\/h2>

FR4 (v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh ph\u1ee7 epoxy v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y) c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i Er \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o \u1edf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 1 GHz l\u00e0 Er = 4,3 \u00b1 0,2. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha th\u1ee7y tinh Tg l\u00e0 135 \u00b0C. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5m. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch UV, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u1eb7n tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm (UV-BLOCKING). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>

\"fr-4\"
FR-4<\/figcaption><\/figure>

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u TACONIC<\/h2>

TACONIC<\/a> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n 4.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ROGERS<\/h2>

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ROGERS c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao v\u1ec1 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i. N\u00f3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n hao th\u1ea5p. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao. Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng PCB t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 FR4 n\u00ean chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p.<\/p>

B\u1ea3ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n<\/h1>
Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/th>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\/th>T\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n fluoropolymer<\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\/td>2.1\u20132.3<\/td>0,0005\u20130,001<\/td>M\u1ea5t m\u00e1t r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng milimet (mmWave). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u1ea1m g\u1ed1c 5G v\u00e0 radar.<\/td><\/tr>
Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9a g\u1ed1m<\/td>D\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Rogers RO4000<\/td>3,38\u20134,5<\/td>0,0027\u20130,004<\/td>Gi\u00e1 trung b\u00ecnh. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng. D\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un WiFi v\u00e0 Bluetooth.<\/td><\/tr>
Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh<\/td>FR4 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao (nh\u01b0 Isola FR408)<\/td>3,9\u20134,2<\/td>0,008\u20130,01<\/td>Gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF) trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p. D\u00f9ng cho b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>

C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF) trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h1>

N\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea3i vi s\u00f3ng (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ch t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p), vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch d\u1ea3i vi s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 PCB, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n hai ho\u1eb7c ba phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n PCB \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch RF c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i vi s\u00f3ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch RF.<\/p>

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>

C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch RF<\/h2>

  1. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u00f4-\u0111un t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/b>
    Khi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n RF t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t bo m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5t (ground) v\u00e0 Vcc v\u1edbi bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3 V. Th\u1eddi gian dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, \u1edf m\u1ee9c nano gi\u00e2y. Do bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch nhanh, c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch. Trong ph\u1ea7n analog, t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p radio \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 thu, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1 \u03bcV. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 120 dB. N\u1ebfu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ly kh\u1ecfi RF, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. Radio c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m.<\/p><\/li>

  2. Nhi\u1ec5u t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/b>
    C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch RF r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec5u. Ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng h\u00e0i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao kh\u00e1c. Vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 CMOS. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 1 MHz, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch ly ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y ngu\u1ed3n. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ngu\u1ed3n RF, kh\u1ed1i RF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p><\/li>

  3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng k\u00e9m<\/b>
    N\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Nh\u01b0ng trong RF, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m 1 nH t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 1 mm. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn PCB d\u00e0i 10 mm c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ng kho\u1ea3ng 27 ohm. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd d\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p><\/li>

  4. S\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0103ng-ten g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c<\/b>
    Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB), c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u bo m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1-s\u1ed1 (ADC) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1-t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (DAC). M\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF) m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ADC. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0103ng-ten. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ADC kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n (ESD) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra sai l\u1ec7ch ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i cho ADC.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch RF<\/h2>

    1. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch RF<\/h3>

    Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch RF, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc sau.<\/p>

    1. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao (HPA) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ea5p (LNA) c\u00e1ch xa nhau nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u00e1t c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao c\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/p><\/li>

    2. \u1ede c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch cao tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB), c\u1ea7n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p><\/li>

    3. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p><\/li>

    4. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra RF c\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o RF.<\/p><\/li>

    5. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      \"Definition<\/p>

      2. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>

      Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chia b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed linh ki\u1ec7n, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn. Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn RF, c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>

      \"RF<\/p>

      a. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h4>

      Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed linh ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf RF t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n RF. Sau \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n RF.<\/p>

      b. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp PCB<\/h4>

      M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp m\u1ea1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u1edf l\u1edbp n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn RF tr\u00ean l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn RF c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n l\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng RF r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 sang c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n.<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      c. C\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n RF v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn RF<\/h4>

      Trong kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 gh\u00e9p k\u00eanh, b\u1ed9 tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 trung gian (IF) th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF v\u00e0 IF xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n nhau. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gh\u00e9p k\u00eanh n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF v\u00e0 IF m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1eeba kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn RF ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed linh ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>

      d. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h4>

      H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ee5t \u00e1p. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng (vias) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y sang m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>

      Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly ngu\u1ed3n cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ly ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Nhi\u1ec5u c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ecf ch\u1eafn kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>

      e. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00e1ch ly \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn<\/h4>

      Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra RF c\u00e1ch xa t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o RF l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng pha v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea5u, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec5u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng giao thoa cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF.<\/p>

      T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h1>

      T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch RF ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB RF, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00eau tr\u00ean. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao.<\/p>

      1. H\u00e3y gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ng\u1eafn gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p><\/li>

      2. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. FR4 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Rogers ho\u1eb7c PTFE \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n hao \u1edf d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao.<\/p><\/li>

      3. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/p><\/li>

      4. Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 RF t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ch kh\u1eed nhi\u1ec5u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ea7n linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p><\/li>

      5. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias nh\u1ecf cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m.<\/p><\/li>

      6. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1edbp che ch\u1eafn g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu nh\u1eadn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p><\/li>

      7. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed. M\u1ea1ch RF th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f2ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao.<\/p><\/li>

      8. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0103ng-ten, h\u00e3y d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a \u0103ng-ten th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p><\/li>

      9. Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00fang c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 vias \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h1>

        1. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 l\/\u03bb \u2265 0,05 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 hay kh\u00f4ng. l l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. \u03bb l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p><\/li>

        2. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m nhanh, 1 nH t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1 mm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p><\/li>

        3. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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          C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF PCB) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 vi s\u00f3ng (t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m MHz \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng GHz). B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n n\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF PCB)?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n PTFE v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (Rogers, Taconic, v.v.) nh\u1edd t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n hao th\u1ea5p; trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 FR-4 cao c\u1ea5p.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng FR-4 cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf RF?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u FR-4 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i (Dk) k\u00e9m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n GHz, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng suy hao v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u2014 do \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng RF \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite l\u1edbp PTFE ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i Rogers.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u RF kh\u00f4ng?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady \u2014 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 via ng\u1eafn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n ng\u1eafn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m khoan ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1ed7 via ch\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m\/x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ed7 via m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0o gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (RF PCB)?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng: Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 S c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ea1ng vect\u01a1 (VNA) (\u0111\u1ed9 suy hao ch\u00e8n\/\u0111\u1ed9 suy hao ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1), ki\u1ec3m tra TDR\/tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec7t\/l\u00e3o h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Dk v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u00f4i c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 RF ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Vui l\u00f2ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p Gerber\/ODB++, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Dk\/Df), th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 BGA\/kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7 via (l\u1ed7 khoan ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\/via-in-pad), c\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t DFM s\u1edbm s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals 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          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\\\/p>

          \\\"RF<\\\/p>

          \\u00a0<\\\/p>

          Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\\\/p>

          RF PCB and its main features<\\\/h1>

          When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \\u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\\\/p>

          From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\\\/p>

          Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\\\/p>

          For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\\\/p>

          Principles for choosing RF board material<\\\/h1>

          Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\\\/h2>

          A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\\\/p>

          Trace impedance control<\\\/h2>

          On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\\\/p>

          Material requirements for RF boards<\\\/h2>

          RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\\\/p>

          FR-4 characteristics<\\\/h2>

          fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \\u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \\u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\\\/p>[caption id=\\\"attachment_2743\\\" align=\\\"alignnone\\\" width=\\\"688\\\"]\\\"fr-4\\\" fr-4[\\\/caption]

          TACONIC material<\\\/h2>

          TACONIC<\\\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\\\/p>

          ROGERS material<\\\/h2>

          ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\\\/p>

          Substrate table<\\\/h1>
          Material type<\\\/th>Typical material<\\\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Features and use<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
          Fluoropolymer substrate<\\\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\\\/td>2.1\\u20132.3<\\\/td>0.0005\\u20130.001<\\\/td>Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Ceramic filled substrate<\\\/td>Rogers RO4000 series<\\\/td>3.38\\u20134.5<\\\/td>0.0027\\u20130.004<\\\/td>Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Glass fiber substrate<\\\/td>High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\\\/td>3.9\\u20134.2<\\\/td>0.008\\u20130.01<\\\/td>Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div>

          RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\\\/h1>

          In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\\\/p>

          Below we list common problems and solutions.<\\\/p>

          Common problems in RF circuit design<\\\/h2>

          1. Interference between digital and analog modules<\\\/b>
            When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \\u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          2. Power supply noise interference<\\\/b>
            RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          3. Bad ground design<\\\/b>
            If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          4. Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\\\/b>
            In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

            RF circuit design principles and solutions<\\\/h2>

            1. Definition of RF layout<\\\/h3>

            When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\\\/p>

            1. Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            2. In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            3. Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            4. Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            5. Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

              \\\"Definition<\\\/p>

              2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\\\/h3>

              Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\\\/p>

              \\\"RF<\\\/p>

              a. Physical partition principles<\\\/h4>

              Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\\\/p>

              b. PCB stackup design principle<\\\/h4>

              A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\\\/p>

              \\\"\\\"<\\\/p>

              c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\\\/h4>

              In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\\\/p>

              d. Electrical partition principle<\\\/h4>

              Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\\\/p>

              Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\\\/p>

              e. RF input\\\/output isolation principle<\\\/h4>

              It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\\\/p>

              Summary<\\\/h1>

              In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\\\/p>

              1. Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              2. Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              3. Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              4. Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              5. Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              6. Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              7. Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              8. For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              9. When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                Basic formulas and rules to check<\\\/h1>

                1. Use l\\\/\\u03bb \\u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \\u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"351cd37\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"vdmvn40\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"d7a4f88\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"051b026\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"a4e53df\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What is an RF PCB?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"1f7b19c\"},{\"_id\":\"ef631eb\",\"tab_title\":\"Which substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"0d9461c\",\"tab_title\":\"Why not always use FR-4 for RF designs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"2ece67a\",\"tab_title\":\"Are via stubs a problem for RF signals?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Yes\\u2014via stubs act like short unterminated transmission lines and cause reflections. Common mitigations include back-drilling, buried\\\/stacked vias, and careful via placement.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"ff92f6b\",\"tab_title\":\"What tests validate RF PCB performance?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"1871d74\",\"tab_title\":\"What should I provide to a manufacturer for an accurate RF quote?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. 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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"1e7d27b","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-PCB.webp\" alt=\"RF PCB\" width=\"633\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">\u00a0<\/p><p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"870\">Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"902\">RF PCB and its main features<\/h1><p data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1662\">When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\/p><p data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1875\">From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\/p><p data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2307\">Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\/p><p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2499\">For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"43\">Principles for choosing RF board material<\/h1><h2 data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"85\">Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"290\">A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"320\">Trace impedance control<\/h2><p data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"705\">On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"747\">Material requirements for RF boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1107\">RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1134\">FR-4 characteristics<\/h2><p data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1593\">fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_2743\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"688\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2743 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/fr-4.webp\" alt=\"fr-4\" width=\"688\" height=\"459\" \/> fr-4[\/caption]<h2 data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1616\">TACONIC material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1696\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taconic.com\/\">TACONIC<\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1718\">ROGERS material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1962\">ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4360\">Substrate table<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_1rjym_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4924\"><thead data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><tr data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><th data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Material type<\/th><th data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4395\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Typical material<\/th><th data-start=\"4395\" data-end=\"4409\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dk (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4409\" data-end=\"4423\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Df (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4443\" data-col-size=\"md\">Features and use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4924\"><tr data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4622\"><td data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4493\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fluoropolymer substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4526\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\/td><td data-start=\"4526\" data-end=\"4536\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.1\u20132.3<\/td><td data-start=\"4536\" data-end=\"4551\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0005\u20130.001<\/td><td data-start=\"4551\" data-end=\"4622\" data-col-size=\"md\">Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4766\"><td data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4648\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ceramic filled substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4648\" data-end=\"4671\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers RO4000 series<\/td><td data-start=\"4671\" data-end=\"4682\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.38\u20134.5<\/td><td data-start=\"4682\" data-end=\"4697\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0027\u20130.004<\/td><td data-start=\"4697\" data-end=\"4766\" data-col-size=\"md\">Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4924\"><td data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4789\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glass fiber substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4789\" data-end=\"4829\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\/td><td data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4839\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.9\u20134.2<\/td><td data-start=\"4839\" data-end=\"4852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.008\u20130.01<\/td><td data-start=\"4852\" data-end=\"4924\" data-col-size=\"md\">Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h1 data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4965\">RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\/h1><p data-start=\"4967\" data-end=\"5457\">In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\/p><p data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5503\">Below we list common problems and solutions.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5544\">Common problems in RF circuit design<\/h2><ol data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"7663\"><li data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"6328\"><p data-start=\"5549\" data-end=\"6328\"><b>Interference between digital and analog modules<\/b><br data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5599\" \/>When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6831\"><p data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6831\"><b>Power supply noise interference<\/b><br data-start=\"6364\" data-end=\"6367\" \/>RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"7315\"><p data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"7315\"><b>Bad ground design<\/b><br data-start=\"6853\" data-end=\"6856\" \/>If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7317\" data-end=\"7663\"><p data-start=\"7320\" data-end=\"7663\"><b>Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\/b><br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-start=\"7665\" data-end=\"7710\">RF circuit design principles and solutions<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"7712\" data-end=\"7744\">1. Definition of RF layout<\/h3><p data-start=\"7745\" data-end=\"7791\">When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\/p><ol data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"8272\"><li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7952\"><p data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7952\">Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7953\" data-end=\"8096\"><p data-start=\"7956\" data-end=\"8096\">In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8097\" data-end=\"8153\"><p data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8153\">Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8154\" data-end=\"8196\"><p data-start=\"8157\" data-end=\"8196\">Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8197\" data-end=\"8272\"><p data-start=\"8200\" data-end=\"8272\">Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2742\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Definition-of-RF-layout.webp\" alt=\"Definition of RF layout\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" \/><\/p><h3 data-start=\"8274\" data-end=\"8339\">2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\/h3><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\">Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\/p><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2745\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-partition.webp\" alt=\"RF partition\" width=\"640\" height=\"511\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8660\">a. Physical partition principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"8661\" data-end=\"8890\">Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8930\">b. PCB stackup design principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\">A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2744\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-circuit-design.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"9202\" data-end=\"9244\">c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9660\">In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9702\">d. Electrical partition principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"9703\" data-end=\"9974\">Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\/p><p data-start=\"9976\" data-end=\"10253\">Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"10255\" data-end=\"10300\">e. RF input\/output isolation principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"10301\" data-end=\"10697\">It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"10699\" data-end=\"10708\">Summary<\/h1><p data-start=\"10710\" data-end=\"10978\">In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\/p><ol data-start=\"11035\" data-end=\"12161\"><li data-start=\"11164\" data-end=\"11250\"><p data-start=\"11167\" data-end=\"11250\">Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11251\" data-end=\"11384\"><p data-start=\"11254\" data-end=\"11384\">Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11385\" data-end=\"11496\"><p data-start=\"11388\" data-end=\"11496\">Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11497\" data-end=\"11626\"><p data-start=\"11500\" data-end=\"11626\">Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11627\" data-end=\"11703\"><p data-start=\"11630\" data-end=\"11703\">Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11704\" data-end=\"11788\"><p data-start=\"11707\" data-end=\"11788\">Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11789\" data-end=\"11922\"><p data-start=\"11792\" data-end=\"11922\">Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11923\" data-end=\"12058\"><p data-start=\"11926\" data-end=\"12058\">For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12059\" data-end=\"12161\"><p data-start=\"12063\" data-end=\"12161\">When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h1 data-start=\"12163\" data-end=\"12198\">Basic formulas and rules to check<\/h1><ol data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12606\"><li data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12326\"><p data-start=\"12203\" data-end=\"12326\">Use l\/\u03bb \u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12327\" data-end=\"12438\"><p data-start=\"12330\" data-end=\"12438\">For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12439\" data-end=\"12606\"><p data-start=\"12442\" data-end=\"12606\">For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"351cd37"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. Early DFM review speeds up production and reduces risk.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_page_assets":["a:9:{s:3:\"css\";s:30170:\".uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-desktop) !important}@media(max-width: 976px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-tablet) !important}}@media(max-width: 767px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-mobile) !important}}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap,.uagb-social-share__wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap,.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-social-share__wrap{flex-direction:column}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical 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