{"id":2364,"date":"2025-09-02T08:30:07","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T08:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2364"},"modified":"2025-09-25T06:49:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T06:49:30","slug":"ceramic-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-manufacturer\/ceramic-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"Bo m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp oxit ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5m g\u1ed1m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o g\u1ed1m th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, do \u0111\u00f3 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
\"ceramic<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m<\/h2>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh)<\/h3>\n
a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.
b. Ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.
c. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb cong v\u00eanh, u\u1ed1n cong ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf.<\/div>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n cao v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ch kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao.
b. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n hao \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n qua v\u1edbi \u00edt t\u1ed5n hao h\u01a1n.
c. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t.<\/div>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n
a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f3ng.
b. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 silicon. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i.
c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c<\/h3>\n
a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc cao. Ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1m d\u00ednh t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.
b. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t ra \u00edt b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1.
c. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.
d. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p.<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m<\/h2>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nung g\u1ed1m, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e9p b\u1ed9t (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00e9p khu\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c \u00e9p isostatic), \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n, \u0111\u00fac b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u00e9p phun. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i LSI v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n.<\/div>\n
C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m ba lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/div>\n
    \n
  1. X\u1ebfp l\u1edbp \u2013 \u00e9p n\u00f3ng \u2013 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u2013 nung l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n \u2013 t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu m\u1ea1ch \u2013 nung m\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n
  2. X\u1ebfp l\u1edbp \u2013 in m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u2013 \u00e9p n\u00f3ng \u2013 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u2013 nung chung.<\/li>\n
  3. M\u1ea1ch in \u2013 x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng \u2013 \u00e9p n\u00f3ng \u2013 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u2013 nung chung.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    M\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m<\/h2>\n

    a. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y:<\/h3>\n
    Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y, c\u00e1c d\u00e2y d\u1eabn (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean g\u1ed1m b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p in l\u01b0\u1edbi. Sau khi in, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c pad ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kim lo\u1ea1i in bao g\u1ed3m lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tinh, lo\u1ea1i oxit v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p th\u1ee7y tinh-oxit.<\/div>\n

    b. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng:<\/h3>\n
    Phim m\u1ecfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 bay h\u01a1i, m\u1ea1 ion ho\u1eb7c phun tia \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 kim lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ec phim m\u1ecfng ph\u1ee7 kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb pha kh\u00ed, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a phim kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/div>\n

    c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1t chung:<\/h3>\n
    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nung, c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 Mo, W v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m g\u1ed1m ch\u01b0a nung. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ed3ng g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u00e0 nung \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau:
    \u25a0 N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao.
    \u25a0 V\u00ec ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nhau, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i k\u00edn kh\u00ed trong c\u00e1c g\u00f3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi.
    \u25a0 B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t n\u00e9n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung k\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung k\u1ebft. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho BGA, CSP v\u00e0 chip tr\u1ea7n.<\/div>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9<\/h2>\n

    Substrate nh\u00f4m oxit (Al\u2082O\u2083)<\/h3>\n
    a. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4: Al\u2082O\u2083 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Quy tr\u00ecnh Bayer<\/a>. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 l\u00e0 bauxite, bao g\u1ed3m oxit nh\u00f4m hydrat v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan.
    b. Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t: G\u1ed1m Al\u2082O\u2083 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ch\u01b0a nung. Ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh nh\u01b0 polyvinyl butyral (PVB) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia nung k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 1550\u20131600\u00b0C. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a cho Al\u2082O\u2083 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nung chung. C\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec1u nhu c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay.
    c. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n cho m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p lai, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n cho g\u00f3i m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn (LSI) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n cho m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<\/div>\n
     <\/div>\n
    \"Alumina<\/div>\n
     <\/div>\n

    Substrate mullite (3Al\u2082O\u2083\u00b72SiO\u2082)<\/h3>\n
    Mullite l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng pha tinh th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Al\u2082O\u2083\u2013SiO\u2082. So v\u1edbi Al\u2082O\u2083, mullite c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5p, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean LSI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Mo v\u00e0 W c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung chung g\u00e2y ra \u00edt \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m.<\/div>\n

    Substrate nitrua nh\u00f4m (AlN)<\/h3>\n
    a. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4: AlN kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. B\u1ed9t AlN th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nitrid h\u00f3a kh\u1eed ho\u1eb7c nitrid h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nitrid h\u00f3a kh\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Al\u2082O\u2083 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng carbon tinh khi\u1ebft cao \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed n\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nit\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh AlN. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nitrid h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m v\u1edbi N\u2082 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh AlN tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.
    b. Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t: C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c substrat Al\u2082O\u2083 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho AlN. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ch\u01b0a nung. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9t AlN, ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh h\u1eefu c\u01a1, dung m\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed1m. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 khu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng b\u0103ng, x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng, \u00e9p n\u00f3ng, t\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 nung \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra substrat AlN.
    c. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n AlN: AlN c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi Al\u2082O\u2083. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi silicon. So v\u1edbi Al\u2082O\u2083, AlN c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y cao h\u01a1n. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn AlN tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c g\u00f3i linh ki\u1ec7n.
    d. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u0103ng t\u1ea7n VHF, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf diode laser.<\/div>\n
     <\/div>\n
    \"Aluminum<\/div>\n
     <\/div>\n

    Substrate silicon carbide (SiC)<\/h3>\n
    a. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4: SiC kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed9n silica, than c\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung trong l\u00f2 graphite \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 2000\u00b0C \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u03b1-SiC. Sau \u0111\u00f3, SiC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bay h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111a tinh th\u1ec3 m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eadm.
    b. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t: SiC c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nung th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1eafc. C\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 nung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nung \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00e9p n\u00f3ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.
    c. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a SiC: M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi silicon. Tuy nhi\u00ean, SiC c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m kh\u00e1c.
    d. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf SiC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t cao v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng cao. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t VLSI, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch logic LSI t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p cao c\u00f3 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf diode laser cho truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng quang h\u1ecdc.<\/div>\n

    Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n beryllia (BeO)<\/h3>\n
    BeO c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi Al\u2082O\u2083. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ea5p, n\u00ean n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao. C\u00e1c t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n BeO th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00e9p kh\u00f4. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5m ch\u01b0a nung v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf MgO ho\u1eb7c Al\u2082O\u2083. V\u00ec b\u1ed9t BeO c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m BeO g\u00e2y ra lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n BeO b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 BeO ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/div>\n

    So s\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n<\/h2>\n
    D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh HTCC, LTCC, TFC, DBC, DPC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 IGBT (transistor l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c c\u1ed5ng c\u00e1ch ly), LD (\u0111i\u1ed1t laser), LED c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 CPV (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung) nh\u1edd v\u00e0o t\u00ednh d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m.<\/div>\n
    C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m BeO, Al\u2082O\u2083, AlN v\u00e0 Si\u2083N\u2084. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, Si\u2083N\u2084 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p cao.<\/div>\n

    G\u1ed1m \u0111a l\u1edbp nung chung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (HTCC)<\/h3>\n
    HTCC l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t HTCC, b\u1ed9t g\u1ed1m nh\u01b0 Al\u2082O\u2083 ho\u1eb7c AlN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh h\u1eefu c\u01a1. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t nh\u00e3o v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng dao tr\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e1c t\u1ea5m kh\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 cho vias \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i d\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y vias. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o l\u00f2 nung nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 1600\u00b0C \u0111\u1ec3 nung k\u1ebft. Do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung k\u1ebft cao, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y cao nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 vonfram, molypden v\u00e0 mangan. Chi ph\u00ed cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 20\u2013200 W\/(m\u00b7\u00b0C).<\/div>\n

    Bo m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m nung chung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (LTCC)<\/h3>\n
    LTCC l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 HTCC. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9t Al\u2082O\u2083 ch\u1ee9a 30\u201350% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung xu\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 850\u2013900\u00b0C. Do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. LTCC s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p in l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kim lo\u1ea1i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed do s\u1ef1 co gi\u00e3n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111a l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nung \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 co ng\u00f3t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a LTCC, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong khu v\u1ef1c linh ki\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed.<\/div>\n

    Substrate g\u1ed1m m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y (TFC)<\/h3>\n
    So v\u1edbi LTCC v\u00e0 HTCC, TFC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung sau. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ed1m. Sau khi kh\u00f4, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (700\u2013800\u00b0C). H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb b\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1ef1a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y tinh. Sau khi nung, nh\u1ef1a b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ed1m. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kim lo\u1ea1i sau khi nung th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 10\u201320 \u03bcm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u kho\u1ea3ng 0,3 mm. Do c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, TFC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao v\u1ec1 m\u1eabu m\u00e3.<\/div>\n

    Bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (DBC)<\/h3>\n
    DBC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nung ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0n eutectic l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m g\u1ed1m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (kho\u1ea3ng 1065\u00b0C). Sau khi li\u00ean k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u00f2n. V\u00ec l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 Al\u2082O\u2083 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim Cu\u2013Al\u2082O\u2083\u2013Cu, DBC c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi alumina. DBC c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i IGBT, diode laser v\u00e0 CPV. DBC c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng eutectic \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao gi\u1eefa Cu v\u00e0 Al\u2082O\u2083 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa Al\u2082O\u2083 v\u00e0 Cu, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t. T\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean DBC th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 100 \u03bcm. Ngo\u00e0i ra, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu, do \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 100 \u03bcm.<\/div>\n
     <\/div>\n
    \"DBC\"<\/div>\n
     <\/div>\n

    Bo m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (DPC)<\/h3>\n
    DPC b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea5m g\u1ed1m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1edbp h\u1ea1t Ti\/Cu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00fan x\u1ea1 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quang kh\u1eafc, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1eabu m\u1ea1ch. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch. Sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf photoresist, substrat ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. DPC c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (d\u01b0\u1edbi 300\u00b0C), do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 photolithography gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean substrat m\u1ea3nh h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, DPC r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao trong vi\u1ec7c c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, DPC c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m.<\/div>\n

    Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n
    Khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi silicon, AlN ho\u1eb7c SiC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng, Al\u2082O\u2083 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, DPC v\u00e0 LTCC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ch \u0111a l\u1edbp m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn hermetic, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh nung chung nh\u01b0 LTCC ho\u1eb7c HTCC k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i nung chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/div>\n
    C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f4-\u0111un ngu\u1ed3n, b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t RF, m\u00f4-\u0111un diode laser, \u0111\u00e8n LED c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i LSI m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m v\u00ec ch\u00fang d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb RF \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao n\u1ebfu quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/div>\n

    C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/h2>\n
    M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang. HTCC s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung cao n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng HTCC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. LTCC gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nung b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam th\u1ee7y tinh, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng LTCC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 co ng\u00f3t v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111a l\u1edbp. TFC r\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. DBC cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. DPC cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i.<\/div>\n

    Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i sau khi nung<\/h3>\n
    C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nung chung (co-firing) l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh in m\u1ef1c kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00ean g\u1ed1m xanh v\u00e0 nung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111a l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn hermetic. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nung chung y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 co ng\u00f3t v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung k\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i sau khi nung (post-firing metallization), nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1 phim d\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c phim m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e3 nung, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 co ng\u00f3t do nung k\u1ebft. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c hai l\u1edbp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sau khi nung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y d\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u00e1m d\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/div>\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\n
      \n
    1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n \u0111a l\u1edbp nung chung: chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed5 khu\u00f4n b\u0103ng, khoan l\u1ed7 vias tr\u00ean b\u0103ng xanh, in m\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng khu\u00f4n, x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u0103ng, \u00e9p v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch l\u1edbp, sau \u0111\u00f3 nung. Sau khi nung, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i cho pad v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1ea1ch n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
    2. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y tr\u00ean g\u1ed1m: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e3 nung, in l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 700\u2013800\u00b0C, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u00e1c pad kim lo\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
    3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi DPC: l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9, ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp h\u1ea1t Ti\/Cu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00fan x\u1ea1, t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu b\u1eb1ng photoresist, \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u1edbp h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu, m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf photoresist v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/strong><\/h2>\n
      Bo m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m (Ceramic PCB) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa chi ph\u00ed, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch m\u1ea3nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t, m\u00f4-\u0111un RF, g\u00f3i laser v\u00e0 diode, \u0111\u00e8n LED c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00e1c.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t

      C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 n\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

      C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083) cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung v\u00e0 nh\u00f4m nitrit (AlN) cho \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n; c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: silicon carbide) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m (PCB)?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

      Bo m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m (Ceramic PCBs) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 in m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y, l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng, gia c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng laser v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1c), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m so v\u1edbi FR-4 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

      \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u (t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t), h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t\u2014l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u00e8n LED, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao\/RF.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBo m\u1ea1ch in b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

      \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady\u2014chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t (nung, gia c\u00f4ng laser, m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i) th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn PCB g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi PCB ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n FR-4; tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in g\u1ed1m (PCB) cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao\/RF kh\u00f4ng?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

      \u0110\u00fang. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n hao th\u1ea5p \u1edf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ch RF v\u00e0 vi s\u00f3ng.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u00f4i n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083) v\u00e0 nh\u00f4m nitrit (AlN) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

      Ch\u1ecdn alumina cho t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung; ch\u1ecdn AlN khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      A ceramic substrate is a special type of board made by directly bonding copper foil to the surface of an […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2364","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"spectra_custom_meta":{"_edit_lock":["1758783442:1"],"_uag_custom_page_level_css":[""],"site-sidebar-layout":["no-sidebar"],"site-content-layout":[""],"ast-site-content-layout":["full-width-container"],"site-content-style":["default"],"site-sidebar-style":["default"],"ast-global-header-display":[""],"ast-banner-title-visibility":[""],"ast-main-header-display":[""],"ast-hfb-above-header-display":[""],"ast-hfb-below-header-display":[""],"ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":[""],"ast-breadcrumbs-content":[""],"ast-featured-img":["disabled"],"footer-sml-layout":[""],"theme-transparent-header-meta":[""],"adv-header-id-meta":[""],"stick-header-meta":[""],"header-above-stick-meta":[""],"header-main-stick-meta":[""],"header-below-stick-meta":[""],"astra-migrate-meta-layouts":["default"],"ast-page-background-enabled":["default"],"ast-page-background-meta":["a:3:{s:7:\"desktop\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-5)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"tablet\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"mobile\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}}"],"ast-content-background-meta":["a:3:{s:7:\"desktop\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"tablet\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"mobile\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}}"],"footnotes":[""],"_elementor_edit_mode":["builder"],"_elementor_template_type":["wp-page"],"_elementor_data":["[{\"id\":\"9391cf8\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"0683f56\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"612671e\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"

      A ceramic substrate is a special type of board made by directly bonding copper foil to the surface of an oxide or a ceramic sheet at high temperature. The copper is joined to the ceramic by a high temperature process so the metal and the ceramic form a stable base for circuits.<\\\/div>\\n
       <\\\/div>\\n
      \\\"ceramic<\\\/div>\\n
       <\\\/div>\\n

      Properties of ceramic PCB<\\\/h2>\\n

      Mechanical properties (how circuit traces are formed)<\\\/h3>\\n
      a. They have high mechanical strength. They can hold parts and also act as support structures.
      b. They are easy to machine. They keep accurate dimensions. They can be made into many layers.
      c. Their surface is smooth. They do not warp, bend, or show small cracks.<\\\/div>\\n

      Electrical properties<\\\/h3>\\n
      a. They have high insulation resistance and high breakdown voltage. This keeps the circuits safe from shorting and from high voltage damage.
      b. They have low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. This helps signals pass with less loss.
      c. Their performance stays stable at high temperature and high humidity. This helps ensure reliability in hard use conditions.<\\\/div>\\n

      Thermal properties<\\\/h3>\\n
      a. They have high thermal conductivity. This helps move heat away from hot parts.
      b. Their thermal expansion coefficient can match related materials, especially silicon. This match reduces stress when parts heat and cool.
      c. They have good heat resistance. They stay stable at high temperature.<\\\/div>\\n

      Other properties<\\\/h3>\\n
      a. They are chemically stable. They are easy to metallize. Circuit patterns stick well to them.
      b. They do not absorb moisture. They resist oil and chemical attack. They release little radiation.
      c. The materials used are harmless and not toxic. Their crystal structure does not change in the working temperature range.
      d. Raw materials are abundant. The technology is mature. They are easy to make and the price is low.<\\\/div>\\n

      Methods to make ceramic substrates<\\\/h2>\\n
      Before firing the ceramic, there are four common forming methods. These are powder pressing (which can be mold pressing or isostatic pressing), extrusion, tape casting, and injection molding. Among these, tape casting is more often used in recent years for LSI packages and hybrid circuit substrates because it is easier to make many layers and it has higher production efficiency.<\\\/div>\\n
      Common process routes are these three:<\\\/div>\\n
        \\n
      1. Stack layers \\u2013 hot press \\u2013 remove binder \\u2013 fire the base sheet \\u2013 form circuit patterns \\u2013 fire the circuit.<\\\/li>\\n
      2. Stack layers \\u2013 print the circuit pattern on the surface \\u2013 hot press \\u2013 remove binder \\u2013 co-fire.<\\\/li>\\n
      3. Print circuit pattern \\u2013 stack \\u2013 hot press \\u2013 remove binder \\u2013 co-fire.<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ol>\\n

        Metallization of ceramic PCB<\\\/h2>\\n

        a. Thick film method:<\\\/h3>\\n
        In the thick film method, conductors (the circuit traces) and resistors are formed on the ceramic by screen printing. After printing, the parts are sintered to form the circuit and the contact pads. The binders used to fix the printed metal include glass type, oxide type, and mixed glass\\u2013oxide types.<\\\/div>\\n

        b. Thin film method:<\\\/h3>\\n
        Thin film uses vacuum methods like evaporation, ion plating, or sputtering to apply metal. Because thin film deposits metal from the gas phase, any metal can in principle be deposited. Also any substrate can in principle be metallized this way. But the thermal expansion of the metal film and the ceramic substrate should match as much as possible. It is also important to increase the adhesion of the metal layer to the ceramic.<\\\/div>\\n

        c. Co-firing method:<\\\/h3>\\n
        Before firing, refractory metal pastes of Mo, W and similar metals are screen printed on the unfired ceramic sheets. The stack is then debindered and fired so the ceramic and the metal form one integral structure. This method has these features:
        \\u25a0 It can form very fine circuit lines and it is easy to make many layers, so high density wiring is possible.
        \\u25a0 Because the insulator and the conductor are formed together, hermetic sealing in packages is possible.
        \\u25a0 By choosing the right composition, forming pressure, and sintering temperature, the sintering shrinkage can be controlled. Especially when a substrate with zero in-plane shrinkage is made, this opens up use in BGA, CSP, and bare chip high-density packaging.<\\\/div>\\n

        Types of ceramic substrates<\\\/h2>\\n

        Alumina substrate (Al\\u2082O\\u2083)<\\\/h3>\\n
        a. Raw material: Al\\u2082O\\u2083 is often made by the Bayer process<\\\/a>. In this method the raw material is bauxite, which includes hydrated aluminum oxides and related compounds.
        b. Making: Al\\u2082O\\u2083 ceramics are usually formed by stacking unfired sheets. A binder like polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is often used. The firing temperature varies with added sintering aids, and is usually 1550\\u20131600\\u00b0C. Metalization methods for Al\\u2082O\\u2083 are mainly the thick film and co-firing methods. The pastes and the process technology are mature. They meet many application needs today.
        c. Applications: Substrates for hybrid integrated circuits, LSI package substrates, and multilayer circuit substrates.<\\\/div>\\n
         <\\\/div>\\n
        \\\"Alumina<\\\/div>\\n
         <\\\/div>\\n

        Mullite substrate (3Al\\u2082O\\u2083\\u00b72SiO\\u2082)<\\\/h3>\\n
        Mullite is one of the most stable crystalline phases in the Al\\u2082O\\u2083\\u2013SiO\\u2082 system. Compared to Al\\u2082O\\u2083, mullite has a bit lower mechanical strength and lower thermal conductivity, but its dielectric constant is lower. This lower dielectric constant can help improve signal speed. Its thermal expansion coefficient is also low, which reduces thermal stress on mounted LSI. Also the expansion difference with conductor metals like Mo and W is smaller, so co-firing causes less stress between the metal and the ceramic.<\\\/div>\\n

        Aluminum nitride substrate (AlN)<\\\/h3>\\n
        a. Raw material: AlN is not a natural mineral. It is a man-made material first synthesized in the 1800s. Typical AlN powders are made by reduction nitridation or direct nitridation. The reduction nitridation method starts from Al\\u2082O\\u2083 and uses high-purity carbon to reduce it, then react with nitrogen to form AlN. The direct nitridation method reacts Al powder with N\\u2082 to form AlN directly.
        b. Making: The same forming methods used for Al\\u2082O\\u2083 substrates can be used for AlN. The most used route is stacking unfired sheets. For this, AlN powder, organic binders, solvent, and a surfactant are mixed to make a ceramic slurry. The slurry is tape cast, stacked, hot pressed, debindered, and then fired to make the AlN substrate.
        c. AlN substrate features: AlN has thermal conductivity more than ten times that of Al\\u2082O\\u2083. Its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) matches silicon. Compared with Al\\u2082O\\u2083, AlN has higher insulation resistance and higher breakdown voltage. Its dielectric constant is lower. These features make AlN very valuable for package substrates.
        d. Applications: Used for VHF band power amplifier modules, high power devices, and laser diode substrates.<\\\/div>\\n
         <\\\/div>\\n
        \\\"Aluminum<\\\/div>\\n
         <\\\/div>\\n

        Silicon carbide substrate (SiC)<\\\/h3>\\n
        a. Raw material: SiC is not a natural mineral. It is made by mixing silica, coke, and a little salt as powders. The mix is heated in a graphite furnace above 2000\\u00b0C to react and form \\u03b1-SiC. Then SiC can be purified by sublimation to get a dark green block of polycrystalline material.
        b. Making: SiC has very high chemical and thermal stability, so normal firing methods make it hard to densify. Sintering aids and special firing methods are needed. Vacuum hot pressing is commonly used.
        c. SiC features: A key feature is its very large thermal diffusion coefficient. It can even be larger than copper. Its thermal expansion is closer to silicon. But SiC has some downsides. Its dielectric constant is relatively high and its breakdown voltage is not as good as some other ceramics.
        d. Applications: SiC substrates are used where high heat spreading is needed and voltage is not high. They are used for VLSI heat-sinking packages, high speed and high integration logic LSI with heat sinks, large computers, and laser diode substrates for optical communications.<\\\/div>\\n

        Beryllia substrate (BeO)<\\\/h3>\\n
        BeO has thermal conductivity many times that of Al\\u2082O\\u2083. It works well for high power circuits. Its dielectric constant is low, so it is suitable for high frequency circuits. BeO substrates are usually made by dry pressing. They can also be made by the unfired sheet route with small additions of MgO or Al\\u2082O\\u2083. Because BeO powder is toxic, BeO products raise environmental and health concerns. In Japan BeO substrate production is not allowed and BeO must be imported from places like the United States.<\\\/div>\\n

        Comparison of some ceramic materials and substrate types<\\\/h2>\\n
        From structure and making methods, ceramic substrates can be grouped into HTCC, LTCC, TFC, DBC, DPC, and so on. Ceramic substrates are used more and more in electronic packaging and in power electronics like IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor), LD (laser diode), high power LED, and CPV (concentrator photovoltaic) because of their good thermal conductivity, heat resistance, insulation, low thermal expansion, and falling cost.<\\\/div>\\n
        Common ceramic base materials are BeO, Al\\u2082O\\u2083, AlN, and Si\\u2083N\\u2084. Among these, Si\\u2083N\\u2084 has very high electrical insulation and chemical stability. It also has good thermal stability and high mechanical strength. It can be used for high density and high integration circuit boards.<\\\/div>\\n

        High temperature co-fired ceramic multilayer (HTCC)<\\\/h3>\\n
        HTCC is high temperature co-fired ceramic substrate. To make HTCC, first ceramic powder such as Al\\u2082O\\u2083 or AlN is mixed with an organic binder. The mix is made into a paste and then formed into sheets by doctor blade or similar methods. The dried sheets become green bodies. Holes for vias are drilled and conductor pastes are screen printed for wiring and via filling. Then the green sheets are stacked and placed into a high temperature furnace around 1600\\u00b0C for sintering. Because the sintering temperature is high, the choice of conductor metals is limited. Metals with high melting points but lower conductivity are used, such as tungsten, molybdenum, and manganese. The cost is high and thermal conductivity ranges roughly 20\\u2013200 W\\\/(m\\u00b7\\u00b0C).<\\\/div>\\n

        Low temperature co-fired ceramic PCB(LTCC)<\\\/h3>\\n
        LTCC is low temperature co-fired ceramic. Its making steps are similar to HTCC. The difference is that the Al\\u2082O\\u2083 powder includes 30\\u201350% by mass of low melting point glass. This lowers the firing temperature to about 850\\u2013900\\u00b0C. Because the firing temperature is low, conductive metals with good conductivity like gold and silver can be used for electrodes and traces. LTCC uses screen printing for metal lines. This method can have alignment errors because of mesh stretch. Also when multilayers are stacked and co-fired, different shrinkage can occur and that hurts yield. To raise LTCC thermal conductivity, thermal vias or conductive vias can be added in the component areas, but that raises cost.<\\\/div>\\n

        Thick film ceramic substrate (TFC)<\\\/h3>\\n
        Compared to LTCC and HTCC, TFC is a post-fired ceramic substrate. It uses screen printing to apply metal pastes on the ceramic base surface. After drying, the part is fired at high temperature (700\\u2013800\\u00b0C). Metal pastes are made of metal powder, organic resin, and glass. After firing, the resin burns off and the layer left is mostly metal bound by a glassy adhesive on the ceramic surface. The fired metal layer thickness is typically 10\\u201320 \\u03bcm and the minimum line width is about 0.3 mm. Because the technology is mature, the process is simple and cost is low, TFC is used where pattern precision needs are not high.<\\\/div>\\n

        Direct bonded copper ceramic PCB(DBC)<\\\/h3>\\n
        DBC is made by co-sintering or eutectic bonding copper foil to a ceramic sheet at high temperature (about 1065\\u00b0C). After bonding, circuit patterns are formed by etching. Because copper foil has good electrical and thermal conduction and Al\\u2082O\\u2083 can control the expansion of the Cu\\u2013Al\\u2082O\\u2083\\u2013Cu composite, the DBC has a thermal expansion close to that of alumina. DBC has good thermal conduction, strong insulation, and high reliability. It is widely used in IGBT, laser diode, and CPV packaging. DBC has drawbacks. The high temperature eutectic reaction between Cu and Al\\u2082O\\u2083 needs strict control of equipment and process, so cost is higher. Micro-pores can form between Al\\u2082O\\u2083 and Cu, lowering thermal shock resistance. Copper foil can warp at high temperature, so the copper thickness on DBC is usually more than 100 \\u03bcm. Also etching is used to form patterns, so minimum line width is generally more than 100 \\u03bcm.<\\\/div>\\n
         <\\\/div>\\n
        \\\"DBC\\\"<\\\/div>\\n
         <\\\/div>\\n

        Direct plated copper ceramic PCB(DPC)<\\\/h3>\\n
        DPC starts with cleaning and pretreating the ceramic sheet. Then a Ti\\\/Cu seed layer is deposited by vacuum sputtering on the substrate surface. Photolithography, development, and etching are used to form the circuit pattern. Then electroplating or chemical plating is used to grow the circuit thickness. After removing the photoresist the substrate is complete. DPC has these advantages: low temperature process (below 300\\u00b0C), so it avoids the drawbacks of high temperature to materials and circuits and lowers manufacturing cost. Using thin film and photolithography makes the metal lines on the substrate finer. So DPC is well suited for packages that need high alignment accuracy. But DPC has downsides too. The electroplated copper thickness is limited, and electroplating waste liquid can cause pollution. The adhesion between metal layer and ceramic is lower, so the product reliability may be less.<\\\/div>\\n

        Notes on use and selection<\\\/h2>\\n
        When choosing a ceramic substrate, match the material to the application needs. If you need high thermal conductivity and a thermal expansion close to silicon, AlN or SiC may be best. If cost and mature processing matter, Al\\u2082O\\u2083 is a solid choice. If you need fine lines and low temperature processing, DPC and LTCC can work. If you need high density multilayer wiring and hermetic sealing, co-fired routes like LTCC or HTCC with co-sintered metal may be right.<\\\/div>\\n
        Common application areas include power modules, RF power amplifiers, laser diode modules, high power LEDs, and high density LSI packaging. Power electronics gain from ceramic substrates because they move heat well and keep insulation and mechanical strength under thermal stress. RF devices gain from low dielectric loss and stable dielectric properties. High density packaging gains from the ability to make fine lines and to stack many layers with good alignment control if the process is suitable.<\\\/div>\\n

        Manufacturing tradeoffs and practical points<\\\/h2>\\n
        Every ceramic type and every process has tradeoffs. HTCC uses high firing temperature and so uses refractory metals for conductors. This limits conductivity and raises cost, but HTCC can be very robust at high temperature. LTCC lowers firing temperature by adding glass so better conductors can be used, but LTCC can have shrinkage issues and alignment trouble in multilayers. TFC is cheap and simple, but it cannot give very fine patterns. DBC gives excellent heat spread with thick copper, but its patterning limit and manufacturing cost can be issues. DPC allows fine patterning and low temperature processing, but adhesion and waste control need care.<\\\/div>\\n

        Co-firing vs post-firing metallization<\\\/h3>\\n
        Co-firing means printing metal pastes on the green ceramic and firing everything together. This can make very small features and true multilayer wiring. It also lets the ceramic and metal become one integrated body, which helps hermetic sealing. But co-firing needs careful control of materials to match shrinkage and sintering. Post-firing metallization, like thick film or thin film on fired ceramic, avoids co-sintering shrinkage issues. It can be easier for single layer or simple double layer needs. But post-fired methods may not reach the same wiring density and may have different adhesion or thermal properties.<\\\/div>\\n

        Typical process flow examples (short summary)<\\\/h2>\\n
          \\n
        1. For co-fired multilayer substrate: make ceramic slurry, tape cast, drill vias in green tape, print conductor pastes by screen, stack tapes, press and debind, and then fire. After firing, do final processing like pad metallization and circuit etching if needed.<\\\/li>\\n
        2. For thick film on ceramic: use fired ceramic substrate, screen print conductor and resistor pastes, fire at 700\\u2013800\\u00b0C, then trim resistors and add final metal pads.<\\\/li>\\n
        3. For DPC: clean ceramic, deposit Ti\\\/Cu seed by sputter, pattern photoresist, etch seed to make pattern, electroplate to grow copper, strip resist, and final clean.<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ol>\\n

          Summary<\\\/strong><\\\/h2>\\n
          Ceramic PCB are a class of substrate materials that give unique strengths for electronic packaging. They offer good thermal paths, stable electrical behavior at temperature, and good mechanical strength. Different ceramic choices and different metallization routes let designers balance cost, thermal performance, electrical performance, and fine line pattern needs. Because of this, ceramic substrates are widely used in power electronics, RF modules, laser and diode packages, high power LEDs, and many high density packaging fields.<\\\/div>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"c857395\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"jcauneg\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"120\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"120\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"4cb1949\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"bcc1c8f\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"79a2a25\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What types of ceramic materials are commonly used?\",\"tab_content\":\"

          The most common are alumina (Al\\u2082O\\u2083) for general use and aluminum nitride (AlN) for higher thermal conductivity; other specialized ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide) are used for niche high-power or high-temperature needs.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"9c164e4\"},{\"_id\":\"70a3236\",\"tab_title\":\"What manufacturing processes are used for ceramic PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

          Ceramic PCBs are made by processes such as thick-film printing, thin-film deposition, laser machining, and metalization (copper or silver), followed by firing and finishing.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"eded620\",\"tab_title\":\"What are the main advantages of ceramic PCBs over FR-4?\",\"tab_content\":\"

          Key advantages: much better thermal conductivity (heat dissipation), lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), high-temperature tolerance, and excellent electrical insulation\\u2014making them ideal for LEDs, power electronics, and RF\\\/high-frequency applications.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"4798292\",\"tab_title\":\"Are ceramic PCBs more expensive?\",\"tab_content\":\"

          Yes\\u2014material costs and specialized processes (firing, laser machining, metallization) typically make ceramic PCBs pricier than standard FR-4; however, for high-power or high-reliability designs they can reduce system costs by improving performance and lifetime.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"379846e\",\"tab_title\":\"Can ceramic PCBs be used for high-frequency\\\/RF applications?\",\"tab_content\":\"

          Yes. Ceramic substrates offer stable dielectric properties and low loss at high frequencies, making them a strong choice for RF and microwave circuit components.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"662a19b\",\"tab_title\":\"How should I choose between alumina (Al\\u2082O\\u2083) and aluminum nitride (AlN)?\",\"tab_content\":\"

          Choose alumina for cost-effectiveness and general use; choose AlN when you need higher thermal conductivity and better thermal management for high-power applications. Your choice should reflect thermal, mechanical, and budget requirements.<\\\/p>\"}],\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1,\"sizes\":[]},\"border_color\":\"#F5F5F5\",\"selected_icon\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-plus-circle\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"selected_active_icon\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-minus-circle\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"tab_active_color\":\"rgba(0, 124, 186, 0.97)\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":3,\"blur\":12,\"spread\":4,\"color\":\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07)\"},\"title_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"16\",\"right\":\"16\",\"bottom\":\"16\",\"left\":\"16\",\"isLinked\":true},\"icon_space\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":15,\"sizes\":[]},\"content_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"5\",\"right\":\"16\",\"bottom\":\"16\",\"left\":\"16\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_background_background\":\"classic\",\"_background_color\":\"#F4F5F6\",\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"15\",\"right\":\"15\",\"bottom\":\"15\",\"left\":\"15\",\"isLinked\":true},\"title_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"12\",\"right\":\"12\",\"bottom\":\"25\",\"left\":\"12\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"icon_align\":\"right\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"bd241a9\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"accordion\"}],\"isInner\":false}],\"isInner\":false}]"],"_elementor_conditions":["a:0:{}"],"_edit_last":["1"],"_elementor_version":["3.31.2"],"_elementor_pro_version":["3.31.2"],"_astra_content_layout_flag":["disabled"],"ast-title-bar-display":["disabled"],"_wp_page_template":["default"],"_elementor_page_settings":["a:1:{s:10:\"hide_title\";s:3:\"yes\";}"],"rank_math_og_content_image":["a:2:{s:5:\"check\";s:32:\"4f5b41b0bbb30c68fc68458550c1fa2d\";s:6:\"images\";a:1:{i:0;i:2693;}}"],"rank_math_news_sitemap_robots":["index"],"rank_math_robots":["a:1:{i:0;s:5:\"index\";}"],"rank_math_internal_links_processed":["1"],"rank_math_focus_keyword":["ceramic pcb"],"rank_math_seo_score":["82"],"rank_math_description":["Learn about ceramic PCBs \u2014 substrate types (Al\u2082O\u2083, AlN, SiC), thermal advantages, fabrication methods and typical power\/RF applications."],"site-post-title":["disabled"],"_uag_page_assets":["a:9:{s:3:\"css\";s:30185:\".uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-desktop) !important}@media (max-width: 976px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-tablet) !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-mobile) !important}}\n.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap,.uagb-social-share__wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap,.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-social-share__wrap{flex-direction:column}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:first-child{margin-top:0 !important}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap a.uagb-button__link:focus{box-shadow:none}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__wrapper{padding:0;margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;transition:all 0.2s;display:inline-flex;text-align:center}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__source-wrap{display:inline-block}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__link{color:#3a3a3a;display:inline-table;line-height:0;cursor:pointer}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__source-icon{font-size:40px;width:40px;height:40px}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__source-image{width:40px}@media (max-width: 976px){.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:first-child{margin-left:0 !important}.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:last-child{margin-right:0 !important}\n.wp-block-uagb-social-share .uagb-social-share__wrapper{text-decoration:none}.uagb-social-share__wrapper{box-shadow:none}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap:not(.uagb-social-share__no-label) .uagb-social-share__source-wrap{margin-right:15px}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap.uagb-social-share__icon-at-top .uagb-social-share__source-wrap{-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;margin-top:5px}\n.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__link{padding: 10px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__link{padding: 10px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child {border-radius: 0px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-wrap{width: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-wrap svg{width: 30px;height: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-image{width: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-icon{width: 30px;height: 30px;font-size: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap{justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: center;-ms-flex-align: center;align-items: center;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #55acee;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #55acee;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #55acee;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #55acee;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #0077b5;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #0077b5;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #0077b5;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #0077b5;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap{justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: center;-ms-flex-align: center;align-items: center;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap{justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: center;-ms-flex-align: center;align-items: center;}}.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap a.uagb-cta__block-link span,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta-typeof-button,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta-with-svg{display:inline-block}.uagb-cta__outer-wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .uagb-cta__buttons{display:inline-flex}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .ast-outline-button{fill:currentColor;justify-content:center}.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper,.uagb-cta-second__button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;word-break:keep-all;width:100%}.uagb-cta__title{padding:0;margin:0;display:block}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper{float:right}.uagb-cta__link-wrapper.uagb-cta__block-link-style:empty{display:none}a.uagb-cta__block-link,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link,a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap{text-decoration:none}a.uagb-cta__block-link:hover,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link:hover,a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap:hover,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap:hover .entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link:hover{color:inherit}.uagb-cta__content-right{text-align:right;justify-content:flex-end}.uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{width:100%;word-break:break-word}.uagb-cta__icon-position-below-title .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{display:block;min-width:100%;width:100%}.uagb-cta__icon-position-left .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap,.uagb-cta__icon-position-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{display:flex}.uagb-cta__icon-position-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{justify-content:flex-end}.uagb-cta__block-link-icon-after{margin-left:5px;margin-right:0}.uagb-cta__block-link-icon-before{margin-left:0;margin-right:5px}.uagb-cta__block-link-icon,.uagb-cta__block svg{transition:all 200ms linear}.uagb-cta__block{position:relative}.uagb-cta-typeof-button{line-height:1;text-align:center}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper,.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta-second__button .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link,.uagb-cta__content-right.uagb-cta__button-valign-middle .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{display:flex;align-items:center}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper,.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta-second__button .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link{justify-content:center}.uagb-cta__link-wrapper a{box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}.uagb-cta__block,.uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{z-index:1}.uagb-cta__block-link{cursor:pointer}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link{float:right;padding:10px 14px}a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap{color:inherit}.uagb-cta__content p:empty{display:none}.uagb-cta__button-type-none .uagb-cta__content{width:100%}.uagb-cta-with-svg{height:14px;width:14px;line-height:14px;vertical-align:middle}.uagb-cta__block svg{display:block;height:inherit;width:inherit}.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper svg{width:20px;height:20px}.uagb-cta__align-button-after{margin-left:5px}.uagb-cta__align-button-before{margin-right:5px}.uagb-cta__block-link i{font-style:normal}a.uagb-cta__link-to-all{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:11}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action{position:relative}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta__link-to-all{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:11}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px){.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper{float:none;margin:0 auto}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width:100% !important}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper{float:none;margin:0 auto}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width:100% !important}}.uagb-cta__desc p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}\n#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .uagb-cta__title{margin-bottom: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .uagb-cta__desc{margin-bottom: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__align-button-after{margin-left: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__align-button-before{margin-right: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper > svg{margin-left: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta-second__button > svg{margin-left: 10px;font-size: 14px;width: 14px;height: 14px;line-height: 14px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-wrap{text-align: left;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__wrap{width: 70%;text-align: left;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action{text-align: left;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{margin-left: 0px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__buttons{column-gap: 15px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {display: flex;justify-content: space-between;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{width: 70%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width: 30%;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper {align-self: center;height: fit-content;margin-left: auto;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {flex-direction: row;align-items: center;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button a.uagb-cta-second__button{align-self: center;height: fit-content;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button a.uagb-cta-second__button:hover{background-color: !important;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button a.uagb-cta-second__button:focus{background-color: !important;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__button-wrapper a.uagb-cta-typeof-button{color: #333;border-style: solid;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button .uagb-cta__buttons a.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper.wp-block-button__link{border-style: solid;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta-second__button{text-transform: normal;text-decoration: none;font-size: 14px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet {display: inherit;}#uagb-cta-block-.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet .uagb-cta__wrap{width: 100%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width: 30%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__wrap{text-align: center;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {flex-direction: column;align-items: center;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile {display: inherit;}#uagb-cta-block-.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile .uagb-cta__wrap{width: 100%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__buttons{justify-content: center;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width: 30%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__wrap{text-align: center;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {flex-direction: column;align-items: center;}}.uagb-icon-list__wrap{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{padding:0;transition:all 0.2s;display:inline-flex;color:#3a3a3a;align-items:center;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:none}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child span.uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{display:block;align-items:center}.uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{display:block}.uagb-icon-list__source-image{width:40px}.uagb-icon-list__outer-wrap .uagb-icon-list__content-wrap{color:#3a3a3a;display:flex;align-items:center}\n.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{position:relative}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child>a{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}img.uagb-icon-list__source-image{max-width:unset}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__label{word-break:break-word}\n.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-image{width: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{width: 16px;height: 16px;font-size: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{padding: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-width: 0px;align-self: center;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__label{text-decoration: !important;line-height: em;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__wrap{display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: flex-start;-ms-flex-align: flex-start;align-items: flex-start;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__label{text-align: left;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{text-decoration: !important;line-height: em;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a.wp-block-uagb-icon-list .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 10px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{margin-right: 15px;}.uagb-block-ddf54d80.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-ddf54d80.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child:hover .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-b45e4180.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-b45e4180.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child:hover .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-6962245c.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-6962245c.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child:hover .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-image{width: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{width: 16px;height: 16px;font-size: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap {padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;align-self: center;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__wrap{display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: flex-start;-ms-flex-align: flex-start;align-items: flex-start;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a.wp-block-uagb-icon-list .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 10px;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-image{width: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{width: 16px;height: 16px;font-size: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;align-self: center;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__wrap{display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: flex-start;-ms-flex-align: flex-start;align-items: flex-start;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a.wp-block-uagb-icon-list .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 10px;}}.wp-block-uagb-container{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;transition-property:box-shadow;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-timing-function:ease}.wp-block-uagb-container .spectra-container-link-overlay{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:10}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.alignfull.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-uagb-blockquote,.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-spectra-pro-login,.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-spectra-pro-register{margin:unset}.wp-block-uagb-container .uagb-container__video-wrap{height:100%;width:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:opacity 1s;-o-transition:opacity 1s;transition:opacity 1s}.wp-block-uagb-container .uagb-container__video-wrap video{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;line-height:1;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;background-size:cover}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid{display:grid;width:100%}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:inherit;width:inherit}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.uagb-is-root-container>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.alignwide.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.alignfull.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:inherit;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}body .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>*:not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-column):not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-section):not(.uagb-container__shape):not(.uagb-container__video-wrap):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-register):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-login):not(.uagb-slider-container):not(.spectra-image-gallery__control-lightbox):not(.wp-block-uagb-info-box),body .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap,body .wp-block-uagb-container>*:not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-column):not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-section):not(.uagb-container__shape):not(.uagb-container__video-wrap):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-register):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-login):not(.uagb-slider-container):not(.spectra-container-link-overlay):not(.spectra-image-gallery__control-lightbox):not(.wp-block-uagb-lottie):not(.uagb-faq__outer-wrap){min-width:unset !important;width:100%;position:relative}body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container>ul,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container ol,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>ul,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap ol{max-width:-webkit-fill-available;margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;margin-left:20px}.ast-plain-container .editor-styles-wrapper .block-editor-block-list__layout.is-root-container .uagb-is-root-container.wp-block-uagb-container.alignwide{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.uagb-container__shape{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;width:100%;line-height:0;direction:ltr}.uagb-container__shape-top{top:-3px}.uagb-container__shape-bottom{bottom:-3px}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__invert.uagb-container__shape-bottom,.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__invert.uagb-container__shape-top{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-flip svg{transform:translateX(-50%) rotateY(180deg)}.uagb-container__shape svg{display:block;width:-webkit-calc(100% + 1.3px);width:calc(100% + 1.3px);position:relative;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%)}.uagb-container__shape .uagb-container__shape-fill{-webkit-transform-origin:center;-ms-transform-origin:center;transform-origin:center;-webkit-transform:rotateY(0deg);transform:rotateY(0deg)}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-above-content{z-index:9;pointer-events:none}.nv-single-page-wrap .nv-content-wrap.entry-content .wp-block-uagb-container.alignfull{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw)}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading{width:-webkit-fill-available}}.wp-block-uagb-image--align-none{justify-content:center}\n.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape-top svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-top .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape-bottom svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-bottom .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__video-wrap video{opacity: 1;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-845e6da6{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-845e6da6 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1200px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;justify-content: center;flex-wrap: nowrap;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6{box-shadow: 0px 0px #00000070 ;padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;overflow: visible;order: initial;border-color: inherit;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-845e6da6{width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-845e6da6 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1024px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-845e6da6{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-845e6da6 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 767px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-wrap: wrap;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}.wp-block-uagb-icon svg{width:30px}.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{transition:box-shadow 0.2s ease}\n .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper{text-align: center;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper a{display: contents;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper svg{width: 40px;height: 40px;transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: content-box;fill: #333;filter: drop-shadow( 0px 0px 0px #00000070 );} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;padding-top: 5px;padding-right: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left: 5px;border-style: default;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:hover{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:focus-visible{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) { .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper{text-align: center;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper a{display: contents;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper svg{width: 40px;height: 40px;transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: content-box;fill: #333;filter: drop-shadow( 0px 0px 0px #00000070 );} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;padding-top: 5px;padding-right: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left: 5px;border-style: default;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:hover{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:focus-visible{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) { .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape-top svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-top .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape-bottom svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-bottom .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__video-wrap video{opacity: 1;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1200px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;justify-content: center;flex-wrap: nowrap;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{box-shadow: 0px 0px #00000070 ;padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;overflow: visible;order: initial;border-color: inherit;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1024px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 767px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-wrap: wrap;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}\";s:2:\"js\";s:1947:\"document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function(){ var ssLinksParent = document.querySelector( '.uagb-block-015f0124' );\nssLinksParent?.addEventListener( 'keyup', function ( e ) {\nvar link = e.target.closest( '.uagb-ss__link' );\nif ( link && e.keyCode === 13 ) {\n\thandleSocialLinkClick( link );\n}\n});\n\nssLinksParent?.addEventListener( 'click', function ( e ) {\nvar link = e.target.closest( '.uagb-ss__link' );\nif ( link ) {\n\thandleSocialLinkClick( link );\n}\n});\n\nfunction handleSocialLinkClick( link ) {\nvar social_url = link.dataset.href;\nvar target = \"\";\nif ( social_url == \"mailto:?body=\" ) {\n\ttarget = \"_self\";\n}\nvar request_url = \"\";\nif ( social_url.indexOf(\"\/pin\/create\/link\/?url=\") !== -1 ) {\n\trequest_url = social_url + encodeURIComponent( window.location.href ) + \"&media=\" + '';\n} else {\n\trequest_url = social_url + encodeURIComponent( window.location.href );\n}\nwindow.open( request_url, target );\n}\n\t\t\t\twindow.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', () => {\n\t\t\t\t\tconst blockScope = document.querySelector( '.uagb-block-2b67c985' );\n\t\t\t\t\tif ( ! blockScope ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\tconst anchorElement = blockScope.querySelector('a');\n\t\t\t\t\tif (!anchorElement) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t} \n\n\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\tblockScope.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( 13 === event.keyCode || 32 === event.keyCode ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tevent.preventDefault();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tanchorElement.click();\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', () => {\n\t\t\t\t\tconst blockScope = document.querySelector( '.uagb-block-3c223d05' );\n\t\t\t\t\tif ( ! blockScope ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\tconst anchorElement = blockScope.querySelector('a');\n\t\t\t\t\tif (!anchorElement) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t} \n\n\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\tblockScope.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( 13 === event.keyCode || 32 === event.keyCode ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tevent.preventDefault();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tanchorElement.click();\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t });\";s:18:\"current_block_list\";a:19:{i:0;s:11:\"core\/search\";i:1;s:10:\"core\/group\";i:2;s:12:\"core\/heading\";i:3;s:17:\"core\/latest-posts\";i:4;s:20:\"core\/latest-comments\";i:5;s:13:\"core\/archives\";i:6;s:15:\"core\/categories\";i:7;s:10:\"core\/image\";i:8;s:14:\"core\/paragraph\";i:9;s:10:\"core\/embed\";i:10;s:17:\"uagb\/social-share\";i:11;s:23:\"uagb\/social-share-child\";i:12;s:19:\"uagb\/call-to-action\";i:13;s:14:\"uagb\/icon-list\";i:14;s:20:\"uagb\/icon-list-child\";i:15;s:14:\"uagb\/container\";i:16;s:9:\"uagb\/icon\";i:17;s:17:\"core\/social-links\";i:18;s:16:\"core\/social-link\";}s:8:\"uag_flag\";b:1;s:11:\"uag_version\";s:10:\"1776063796\";s:6:\"gfonts\";a:0:{}s:10:\"gfonts_url\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"gfonts_files\";a:0:{}s:14:\"uag_faq_layout\";b:0;}"],"_elementor_controls_usage":["a:6:{s:11:\"text-editor\";a:3:{s:5:\"count\";i:1;s:15:\"control_percent\";i:1;s:8:\"controls\";a:2:{s:7:\"content\";a:1:{s:14:\"section_editor\";a:1:{s:6:\"editor\";i:1;}}s:8:\"advanced\";a:1:{s:26:\"display_conditions_section\";a:1:{s:22:\"display_condition_list\";i:1;}}}}s:9:\"container\";a:3:{s:5:\"count\";i:1;s:15:\"control_percent\";i:0;s:8:\"controls\";a:1:{s:8:\"advanced\";a:1:{s:26:\"display_conditions_section\";a:1:{s:22:\"display_condition_list\";i:1;}}}}s:7:\"heading\";a:3:{s:5:\"count\";i:1;s:15:\"control_percent\";i:1;s:8:\"controls\";a:3:{s:7:\"content\";a:1:{s:13:\"section_title\";a:1:{s:5:\"title\";i:1;}}s:5:\"style\";a:1:{s:19:\"section_title_style\";a:1:{s:5:\"align\";i:1;}}s:8:\"advanced\";a:1:{s:26:\"display_conditions_section\";a:1:{s:22:\"display_condition_list\";i:1;}}}}s:9:\"accordion\";a:3:{s:5:\"count\";i:1;s:15:\"control_percent\";i:5;s:8:\"controls\";a:3:{s:7:\"content\";a:1:{s:13:\"section_title\";a:3:{s:4:\"tabs\";i:1;s:13:\"selected_icon\";i:1;s:20:\"selected_active_icon\";i:1;}}s:5:\"style\";a:4:{s:19:\"section_title_style\";a:2:{s:12:\"border_width\";i:1;s:12:\"border_color\";i:1;}s:26:\"section_toggle_style_title\";a:2:{s:16:\"tab_active_color\";i:1;s:13:\"title_padding\";i:1;}s:25:\"section_toggle_style_icon\";a:2:{s:10:\"icon_space\";i:1;s:10:\"icon_align\";i:1;}s:28:\"section_toggle_style_content\";a:1:{s:15:\"content_padding\";i:1;}}s:8:\"advanced\";a:4:{s:15:\"_section_border\";a:2:{s:14:\"_border_radius\";i:1;s:22:\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\";i:1;}s:19:\"_section_background\";a:2:{s:22:\"_background_background\";i:1;s:17:\"_background_color\";i:1;}s:14:\"_section_style\";a:2:{s:8:\"_padding\";i:1;s:7:\"_margin\";i:1;}s:26:\"display_conditions_section\";a:1:{s:22:\"display_condition_list\";i:1;}}}}s:6:\"column\";a:3:{s:5:\"count\";i:1;s:15:\"control_percent\";i:1;s:8:\"controls\";a:2:{s:6:\"layout\";a:1:{s:6:\"layout\";a:2:{s:12:\"_inline_size\";i:1;s:21:\"space_between_widgets\";i:1;}}s:8:\"advanced\";a:2:{s:16:\"section_advanced\";a:1:{s:7:\"padding\";i:1;}s:26:\"display_conditions_section\";a:1:{s:22:\"display_condition_list\";i:1;}}}}s:7:\"section\";a:3:{s:5:\"count\";i:1;s:15:\"control_percent\";i:4;s:8:\"controls\";a:3:{s:6:\"layout\";a:1:{s:14:\"section_layout\";a:3:{s:3:\"gap\";i:1;s:16:\"content_position\";i:1;s:13:\"content_width\";i:1;}}s:5:\"style\";a:2:{s:18:\"section_background\";a:6:{s:21:\"background_background\";i:1;s:16:\"background_color\";i:1;s:19:\"background_position\";i:1;s:21:\"background_attachment\";i:1;s:17:\"background_repeat\";i:1;s:15:\"background_size\";i:1;}s:26:\"section_background_overlay\";a:3:{s:29:\"background_overlay_background\";i:1;s:26:\"background_overlay_color_b\";i:1;s:26:\"background_overlay_opacity\";i:1;}}s:8:\"advanced\";a:2:{s:16:\"section_advanced\";a:1:{s:7:\"padding\";i:1;}s:26:\"display_conditions_section\";a:1:{s:22:\"display_condition_list\";i:1;}}}}}"],"_elementor_page_assets":["a:2:{s:7:\"scripts\";a:1:{i:0;s:18:\"elementor-frontend\";}s:6:\"styles\";a:2:{i:0;s:14:\"widget-heading\";i:1;s:16:\"widget-accordion\";}}"],"_elementor_css":["a:6:{s:4:\"time\";i:1775530555;s:5:\"fonts\";a:0:{}s:5:\"icons\";a:1:{i:0;s:8:\"fa-solid\";}s:20:\"dynamic_elements_ids\";a:0:{}s:6:\"status\";s:4:\"file\";i:0;s:0:\"\";}"],"_elementor_element_cache":["{\"timeout\":1776364409,\"value\":{\"content\":\"

          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"612671e","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">A ceramic substrate is a special type of board made by directly bonding copper foil to the surface of an oxide or a ceramic sheet at high temperature. The copper is joined to the ceramic by a high temperature process so the metal and the ceramic form a stable base for circuits.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2693\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ceramic-pcb.webp\" alt=\"ceramic pcb\" width=\"356\" height=\"289\"><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Properties of ceramic PCB<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Mechanical properties (how circuit traces are formed)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. They have high mechanical strength. They can hold parts and also act as support structures.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. They are easy to machine. They keep accurate dimensions. They can be made into many layers.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. Their surface is smooth. They do not warp, bend, or show small cracks.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Electrical properties<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. They have high insulation resistance and high breakdown voltage. This keeps the circuits safe from shorting and from high voltage damage.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. They have low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. This helps signals pass with less loss.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. Their performance stays stable at high temperature and high humidity. This helps ensure reliability in hard use conditions.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Thermal properties<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. They have high thermal conductivity. This helps move heat away from hot parts.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. Their thermal expansion coefficient can match related materials, especially silicon. This match reduces stress when parts heat and cool.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. They have good heat resistance. They stay stable at high temperature.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Other properties<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. They are chemically stable. They are easy to metallize. Circuit patterns stick well to them.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. They do not absorb moisture. They resist oil and chemical attack. They release little radiation.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. The materials used are harmless and not toxic. Their crystal structure does not change in the working temperature range.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">d. Raw materials are abundant. The technology is mature. They are easy to make and the price is low.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Methods to make ceramic substrates<\/h2>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Before firing the ceramic, there are four common forming methods. These are powder pressing (which can be mold pressing or isostatic pressing), extrusion, tape casting, and injection molding. Among these, tape casting is more often used in recent years for LSI packages and hybrid circuit substrates because it is easier to make many layers and it has higher production efficiency.<\/div>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Common process routes are these three:<\/div>\n<ol class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">\n<li>Stack layers \u2013 hot press \u2013 remove binder \u2013 fire the base sheet \u2013 form circuit patterns \u2013 fire the circuit.<\/li>\n<li>Stack layers \u2013 print the circuit pattern on the surface \u2013 hot press \u2013 remove binder \u2013 co-fire.<\/li>\n<li>Print circuit pattern \u2013 stack \u2013 hot press \u2013 remove binder \u2013 co-fire.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Metallization of ceramic PCB<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">a. Thick film method:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">In the thick film method, conductors (the circuit traces) and resistors are formed on the ceramic by screen printing. After printing, the parts are sintered to form the circuit and the contact pads. The binders used to fix the printed metal include glass type, oxide type, and mixed glass\u2013oxide types.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">b. Thin film method:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Thin film uses vacuum methods like evaporation, ion plating, or sputtering to apply metal. Because thin film deposits metal from the gas phase, any metal can in principle be deposited. Also any substrate can in principle be metallized this way. But the thermal expansion of the metal film and the ceramic substrate should match as much as possible. It is also important to increase the adhesion of the metal layer to the ceramic.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">c. Co-firing method:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Before firing, refractory metal pastes of Mo, W and similar metals are screen printed on the unfired ceramic sheets. The stack is then debindered and fired so the ceramic and the metal form one integral structure. This method has these features:<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">\u25a0 It can form very fine circuit lines and it is easy to make many layers, so high density wiring is possible.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">\u25a0 Because the insulator and the conductor are formed together, hermetic sealing in packages is possible.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">\u25a0 By choosing the right composition, forming pressure, and sintering temperature, the sintering shrinkage can be controlled. Especially when a substrate with zero in-plane shrinkage is made, this opens up use in BGA, CSP, and bare chip high-density packaging.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Types of ceramic substrates<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Alumina substrate (Al\u2082O\u2083)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. Raw material: Al\u2082O\u2083 is often made by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bayer_process\">Bayer process<\/a>. In this method the raw material is bauxite, which includes hydrated aluminum oxides and related compounds.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. Making: Al\u2082O\u2083 ceramics are usually formed by stacking unfired sheets. A binder like polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is often used. The firing temperature varies with added sintering aids, and is usually 1550\u20131600\u00b0C. Metalization methods for Al\u2082O\u2083 are mainly the thick film and co-firing methods. The pastes and the process technology are mature. They meet many application needs today.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. Applications: Substrates for hybrid integrated circuits, LSI package substrates, and multilayer circuit substrates.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><img class=\"size-full wp-image-2691 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Alumina-substrate.webp\" alt=\"Alumina substrate\" width=\"600\" height=\"476\"><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Mullite substrate (3Al\u2082O\u2083\u00b72SiO\u2082)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Mullite is one of the most stable crystalline phases in the Al\u2082O\u2083\u2013SiO\u2082 system. Compared to Al\u2082O\u2083, mullite has a bit lower mechanical strength and lower thermal conductivity, but its dielectric constant is lower. This lower dielectric constant can help improve signal speed. Its thermal expansion coefficient is also low, which reduces thermal stress on mounted LSI. Also the expansion difference with conductor metals like Mo and W is smaller, so co-firing causes less stress between the metal and the ceramic.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Aluminum nitride substrate (AlN)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. Raw material: AlN is not a natural mineral. It is a man-made material first synthesized in the 1800s. Typical AlN powders are made by reduction nitridation or direct nitridation. The reduction nitridation method starts from Al\u2082O\u2083 and uses high-purity carbon to reduce it, then react with nitrogen to form AlN. The direct nitridation method reacts Al powder with N\u2082 to form AlN directly.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. Making: The same forming methods used for Al\u2082O\u2083 substrates can be used for AlN. The most used route is stacking unfired sheets. For this, AlN powder, organic binders, solvent, and a surfactant are mixed to make a ceramic slurry. The slurry is tape cast, stacked, hot pressed, debindered, and then fired to make the AlN substrate.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. AlN substrate features: AlN has thermal conductivity more than ten times that of Al\u2082O\u2083. Its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) matches silicon. Compared with Al\u2082O\u2083, AlN has higher insulation resistance and higher breakdown voltage. Its dielectric constant is lower. These features make AlN very valuable for package substrates.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">d. Applications: Used for VHF band power amplifier modules, high power devices, and laser diode substrates.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><img class=\"size-full wp-image-2692 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Aluminum-nitride-substrate.webp\" alt=\"Aluminum nitride substrate\" width=\"600\" height=\"383\"><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Silicon carbide substrate (SiC)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">a. Raw material: SiC is not a natural mineral. It is made by mixing silica, coke, and a little salt as powders. The mix is heated in a graphite furnace above 2000\u00b0C to react and form \u03b1-SiC. Then SiC can be purified by sublimation to get a dark green block of polycrystalline material.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">b. Making: SiC has very high chemical and thermal stability, so normal firing methods make it hard to densify. Sintering aids and special firing methods are needed. Vacuum hot pressing is commonly used.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">c. SiC features: A key feature is its very large thermal diffusion coefficient. It can even be larger than copper. Its thermal expansion is closer to silicon. But SiC has some downsides. Its dielectric constant is relatively high and its breakdown voltage is not as good as some other ceramics.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\">d. Applications: SiC substrates are used where high heat spreading is needed and voltage is not high. They are used for VLSI heat-sinking packages, high speed and high integration logic LSI with heat sinks, large computers, and laser diode substrates for optical communications.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Beryllia substrate (BeO)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">BeO has thermal conductivity many times that of Al\u2082O\u2083. It works well for high power circuits. Its dielectric constant is low, so it is suitable for high frequency circuits. BeO substrates are usually made by dry pressing. They can also be made by the unfired sheet route with small additions of MgO or Al\u2082O\u2083. Because BeO powder is toxic, BeO products raise environmental and health concerns. In Japan BeO substrate production is not allowed and BeO must be imported from places like the United States.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Comparison of some ceramic materials and substrate types<\/h2>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">From structure and making methods, ceramic substrates can be grouped into HTCC, LTCC, TFC, DBC, DPC, and so on. Ceramic substrates are used more and more in electronic packaging and in power electronics like IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor), LD (laser diode), high power LED, and CPV (concentrator photovoltaic) because of their good thermal conductivity, heat resistance, insulation, low thermal expansion, and falling cost.<\/div>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Common ceramic base materials are BeO, Al\u2082O\u2083, AlN, and Si\u2083N\u2084. Among these, Si\u2083N\u2084 has very high electrical insulation and chemical stability. It also has good thermal stability and high mechanical strength. It can be used for high density and high integration circuit boards.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">High temperature co-fired ceramic multilayer (HTCC)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">HTCC is high temperature co-fired ceramic substrate. To make HTCC, first ceramic powder such as Al\u2082O\u2083 or AlN is mixed with an organic binder. The mix is made into a paste and then formed into sheets by doctor blade or similar methods. The dried sheets become green bodies. Holes for vias are drilled and conductor pastes are screen printed for wiring and via filling. Then the green sheets are stacked and placed into a high temperature furnace around 1600\u00b0C for sintering. Because the sintering temperature is high, the choice of conductor metals is limited. Metals with high melting points but lower conductivity are used, such as tungsten, molybdenum, and manganese. The cost is high and thermal conductivity ranges roughly 20\u2013200 W\/(m\u00b7\u00b0C).<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Low temperature co-fired ceramic PCB(LTCC)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">LTCC is low temperature co-fired ceramic. Its making steps are similar to HTCC. The difference is that the Al\u2082O\u2083 powder includes 30\u201350% by mass of low melting point glass. This lowers the firing temperature to about 850\u2013900\u00b0C. Because the firing temperature is low, conductive metals with good conductivity like gold and silver can be used for electrodes and traces. LTCC uses screen printing for metal lines. This method can have alignment errors because of mesh stretch. Also when multilayers are stacked and co-fired, different shrinkage can occur and that hurts yield. To raise LTCC thermal conductivity, thermal vias or conductive vias can be added in the component areas, but that raises cost.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Thick film ceramic substrate (TFC)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Compared to LTCC and HTCC, TFC is a post-fired ceramic substrate. It uses screen printing to apply metal pastes on the ceramic base surface. After drying, the part is fired at high temperature (700\u2013800\u00b0C). Metal pastes are made of metal powder, organic resin, and glass. After firing, the resin burns off and the layer left is mostly metal bound by a glassy adhesive on the ceramic surface. The fired metal layer thickness is typically 10\u201320 \u03bcm and the minimum line width is about 0.3 mm. Because the technology is mature, the process is simple and cost is low, TFC is used where pattern precision needs are not high.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Direct bonded copper ceramic PCB(DBC)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">DBC is made by co-sintering or eutectic bonding copper foil to a ceramic sheet at high temperature (about 1065\u00b0C). After bonding, circuit patterns are formed by etching. Because copper foil has good electrical and thermal conduction and Al\u2082O\u2083 can control the expansion of the Cu\u2013Al\u2082O\u2083\u2013Cu composite, the DBC has a thermal expansion close to that of alumina. DBC has good thermal conduction, strong insulation, and high reliability. It is widely used in IGBT, laser diode, and CPV packaging. DBC has drawbacks. The high temperature eutectic reaction between Cu and Al\u2082O\u2083 needs strict control of equipment and process, so cost is higher. Micro-pores can form between Al\u2082O\u2083 and Cu, lowering thermal shock resistance. Copper foil can warp at high temperature, so the copper thickness on DBC is usually more than 100 \u03bcm. Also etching is used to form patterns, so minimum line width is generally more than 100 \u03bcm.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><img class=\"size-full wp-image-2694 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/DBC.webp\" alt=\"DBC\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Direct plated copper ceramic PCB(DPC)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">DPC starts with cleaning and pretreating the ceramic sheet. Then a Ti\/Cu seed layer is deposited by vacuum sputtering on the substrate surface. Photolithography, development, and etching are used to form the circuit pattern. Then electroplating or chemical plating is used to grow the circuit thickness. After removing the photoresist the substrate is complete. DPC has these advantages: low temperature process (below 300\u00b0C), so it avoids the drawbacks of high temperature to materials and circuits and lowers manufacturing cost. Using thin film and photolithography makes the metal lines on the substrate finer. So DPC is well suited for packages that need high alignment accuracy. But DPC has downsides too. The electroplated copper thickness is limited, and electroplating waste liquid can cause pollution. The adhesion between metal layer and ceramic is lower, so the product reliability may be less.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Notes on use and selection<\/h2>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">When choosing a ceramic substrate, match the material to the application needs. If you need high thermal conductivity and a thermal expansion close to silicon, AlN or SiC may be best. If cost and mature processing matter, Al\u2082O\u2083 is a solid choice. If you need fine lines and low temperature processing, DPC and LTCC can work. If you need high density multilayer wiring and hermetic sealing, co-fired routes like LTCC or HTCC with co-sintered metal may be right.<\/div>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Common application areas include power modules, RF power amplifiers, laser diode modules, high power LEDs, and high density LSI packaging. Power electronics gain from ceramic substrates because they move heat well and keep insulation and mechanical strength under thermal stress. RF devices gain from low dielectric loss and stable dielectric properties. High density packaging gains from the ability to make fine lines and to stack many layers with good alignment control if the process is suitable.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Manufacturing tradeoffs and practical points<\/h2>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Every ceramic type and every process has tradeoffs. HTCC uses high firing temperature and so uses refractory metals for conductors. This limits conductivity and raises cost, but HTCC can be very robust at high temperature. LTCC lowers firing temperature by adding glass so better conductors can be used, but LTCC can have shrinkage issues and alignment trouble in multilayers. TFC is cheap and simple, but it cannot give very fine patterns. DBC gives excellent heat spread with thick copper, but its patterning limit and manufacturing cost can be issues. DPC allows fine patterning and low temperature processing, but adhesion and waste control need care.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Co-firing vs post-firing metallization<\/h3>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Co-firing means printing metal pastes on the green ceramic and firing everything together. This can make very small features and true multilayer wiring. It also lets the ceramic and metal become one integrated body, which helps hermetic sealing. But co-firing needs careful control of materials to match shrinkage and sintering. Post-firing metallization, like thick film or thin film on fired ceramic, avoids co-sintering shrinkage issues. It can be easier for single layer or simple double layer needs. But post-fired methods may not reach the same wiring density and may have different adhesion or thermal properties.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">Typical process flow examples (short summary)<\/h2>\n<ol class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">\n<li>For co-fired multilayer substrate: make ceramic slurry, tape cast, drill vias in green tape, print conductor pastes by screen, stack tapes, press and debind, and then fire. After firing, do final processing like pad metallization and circuit etching if needed.<\/li>\n<li>For thick film on ceramic: use fired ceramic substrate, screen print conductor and resistor pastes, fire at 700\u2013800\u00b0C, then trim resistors and add final metal pads.<\/li>\n<li>For DPC: clean ceramic, deposit Ti\/Cu seed by sputter, pattern photoresist, etch seed to make pattern, electroplate to grow copper, strip resist, and final clean.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><strong data-start=\"32\" data-end=\"43\">Summary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Ceramic PCB are a class of substrate materials that give unique strengths for electronic packaging. They offer good thermal paths, stable electrical behavior at temperature, and good mechanical strength. Different ceramic choices and different metallization routes let designers balance cost, thermal performance, electrical performance, and fine line pattern needs. Because of this, ceramic substrates are widely used in power electronics, RF modules, laser and diode packages, high power LEDs, and many high density packaging fields.<\/div>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"c857395"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          <\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat types of ceramic materials are commonly used?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          The most common are alumina (Al\\u2082O\\u2083) for general use and aluminum nitride (AlN) for higher thermal conductivity; other specialized ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide) are used for niche high-power or high-temperature needs.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat manufacturing processes are used for ceramic PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          Ceramic PCBs are made by processes such as thick-film printing, thin-film deposition, laser machining, and metalization (copper or silver), followed by firing and finishing.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat are the main advantages of ceramic PCBs over FR-4?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          Key advantages: much better thermal conductivity (heat dissipation), lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), high-temperature tolerance, and excellent electrical insulation\\u2014making them ideal for LEDs, power electronics, and RF\\\/high-frequency applications.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAre ceramic PCBs more expensive?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          Yes\\u2014material costs and specialized processes (firing, laser machining, metallization) typically make ceramic PCBs pricier than standard FR-4; however, for high-power or high-reliability designs they can reduce system costs by improving performance and lifetime.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tCan ceramic PCBs be used for high-frequency\\\/RF applications?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          Yes. Ceramic substrates offer stable dielectric properties and low loss at high frequencies, making them a strong choice for RF and microwave circuit components.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
          \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tHow should I choose between alumina (Al\\u2082O\\u2083) and aluminum nitride (AlN)?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

          Choose alumina for cost-effectiveness and general use; choose AlN when you need higher thermal conductivity and better thermal management for high-power applications. Your choice should reflect thermal, mechanical, and budget requirements.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2364.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2364.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"A ceramic substrate is a special type of board made by directly bonding copper foil to the surface of an […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2364"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3323,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2364\/revisions\/3323"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}