{"id":4132,"date":"2025-10-21T06:59:15","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T06:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4132"},"modified":"2025-10-21T07:03:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:03:01","slug":"three-levels-of-routing-in-pcb-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/three-levels-of-routing-in-pcb-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o. Khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1eebng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in. Sau khi \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5u kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch sao cho g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa sau n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u1ea1y g\u1ea7n nhau v\u00e0 song song, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean hai l\u1edbp li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 ch\u1ea1y song song, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec5u \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean PCB. Quy t\u1eafc \u201cn\u0103m-n\u0103m\u201d (quy t\u1eafc l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1edbp)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). Khi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1t 5 MHz ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a xung nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 5 ns, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) n\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch hai l\u1edbp v\u00ec l\u00fd do chi ph\u00ed. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch hai l\u1edbp, h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Khi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao, trong khi m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao c\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u00ean trong b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng chung m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y linh ki\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, m\u1ed9t pad c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c pad b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb m\u1ecf h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef th\u1eadp. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch ly nhi\u1ec7t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn. Mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n l\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, h\u00e3y x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 CAD. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u00e1 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 0,1 inch (2,54 mm). Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf 0,1 inch ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 0,05 inch, 0,025 inch, 0,02 inch, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra sau khi \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch in (PCB), h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra xem thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra bao g\u1ed3m: c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a PCB, ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a PCB, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t PCB, nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hay kh\u00f4ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ng\u1eafn, tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn analog v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t hay kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 n\u00ean tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quy t\u1eafc v\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc 3W.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u00edt ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u00edt nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec5u t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi chia t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 do c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0m t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hai l\u1edbp, h\u00e3y d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch cho ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n. L\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t tham chi\u1ebfu. Th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ly n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ground<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc che ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c che ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p che ch\u1eafn cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t cao, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5c. Bao quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00eda b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u00e3y l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Shielding<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Crosstalk l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn song song c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1edbn. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do \u0111i\u1ec7n dung v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn song song.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o:\u2022 T\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn song song. Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy t\u1eafc 3W.\u2022 Ch\u00e8n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn song song quan tr\u1ecdng.\u2022 Gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 quy t\u1eafc 3W<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, kho\u1ea3ng 70% c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ly. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch ly 98%, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 10W.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"3w<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eef cho h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau. Tr\u00e1nh b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn song song, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ly ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Trace<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft treo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y n\u00e0o l\u01a1 l\u1eedng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u0103ng-ten. Ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec5u. H\u00e3y tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Dangling<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00f2ng k\u00edn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111a l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. H\u00e3y ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Closed-loop<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc v\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3c 45 \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chamfer<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00eam t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ly khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ly gi\u00fap l\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec5u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y ngu\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ly g\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, sau b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Component<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 via, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 via c\u1eaft ngang qua m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, khi\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c chia t\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh (fanout), h\u00e3y duy tr\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 via sao cho v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 via.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Power<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o l\u00ean nhau trong kh\u00f4ng gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Power<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quy t\u1eafc 20H \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng bi\u00ean. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u1edf bi\u00ean. H\u00e3y l\u00f9i m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00f9i v\u00e0o 20H s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kho\u1ea3ng 70% c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00f9i v\u00e0o 100H s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kho\u1ea3ng 98% c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"20H<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u00f4n l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng th\u1ea5p. Gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 via<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n BGA c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm nh\u1ecf, c\u1ea7n l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u1edbm. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 via sao cho v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u00e2y t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng microvias ho\u1eb7c blind vias n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u1eb7p vi sai t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp PCB v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn c\u1eb7p vi sai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nhau. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ng\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kh\u00fac cua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1n cong m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao ng\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mi\u1ebfng d\u00e1n gi\u1ea3m \u0111au do nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng d\u00e1n gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi g\u1eafn c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t. H\u00e3y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i h\u00ecnh nan hoa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n di\u1ec5n ra thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ed9t h\u00e0n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u00ean l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng h\u00e0n. C\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh khu\u00f4n in keo h\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n SMD. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch keo h\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2. S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp linh ki\u1ec7n sao cho thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (danh s\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u01b0a.\u2022 Ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra DRC v\u00e0 ERC.\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p.\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ly v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh.\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra vi\u1ec7c chia l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1.\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ch\u00e2n h\u00e0n.\u2022 Ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khe m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng.\u2022 \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5u.\u2022 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9.\u2022 Kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n IC.\u2022 \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias l\u00e0m chia c\u1eaft m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.\u2022 Kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh cho c\u00e1c chip c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n sau: Gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u1ed3i l\u01b0u. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00fan m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch ly \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u ngu\u1ed3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (EMI), n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. H\u00e3y d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In PCB design, routing can be seen in three broad levels. The first level is basic connectivity. This is the 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