{"id":4587,"date":"2025-12-25T09:18:40","date_gmt":"2025-12-25T09:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4587"},"modified":"2025-12-25T09:18:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-25T09:18:45","slug":"complete-pcb-design-workflow-from-schematic-to-gerber-files","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/complete-pcb-design-workflow-from-schematic-to-gerber-files\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh: T\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec7p Gerber"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 1 \u2014 Ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m Altium Designer, Mentor PADS v\u00e0 Cadence (OrCAD v\u00e0 Allegro). T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng EAGLE, Protel v\u00e0 Lichuang EDA. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng Altium Designer. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean gia, t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng Cadence.<br>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) l\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m EDA. Sau khi n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c, firmware, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c EMC. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 2 \u2014 Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: hai khe c\u1eafm pin \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n LED. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<br>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch demo cho chip Ethernet SPI KSZ8851SNL, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1ch v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/KSZ8851SNL.webp\" alt=\"KSZ8851SNL\" class=\"wp-image-4589\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/KSZ8851SNL.webp 720w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/KSZ8851SNL-300x165.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/KSZ8851SNL-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u2014 V\u1ebd d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (g\u00f3i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd footprint c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng linh ki\u1ec7n. Sau khi v\u1ebd footprint, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t. L\u00fd do ch\u00fang ta v\u1ebd footprint tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 khi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng footprint \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 footprint \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e8n pin, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n. M\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm v\u00e0 t\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi footprint c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 footprint m\u1eabu. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 IC \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c connector, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd footprint b\u1eb1ng tay d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean datasheet c\u1ee7a chip. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi chip giao th\u1ee9c Mechatrolink c\u1ee7a Yaskawa. Chip n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi Yaskawa v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p datasheet, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 footprint cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eebng ch\u00e2n (pin) trong s\u1ed1 100 ch\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u00e1n t\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chip l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 ZYNQ XC7Z010-1CLG400I BGA c\u00f3 400 ch\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t 400 ch\u00e2n, g\u00e1n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chip c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Xilinx cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2n Zynq-7000 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n ch\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00f5 tay 400 ch\u00e2n:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/package-pinout-files\/zynq7000-pkgs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/package-pinout-files\/zynq7000-pkgs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i chip th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm (footprint) tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Xem c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 4 \u2014 T\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, trang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 5 \u2014 K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch (n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1eebng ch\u00e2n theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i logic gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 6 \u2014 Xu\u1ea5t\/nh\u1eadp netlist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PADS v\u00e0 Cadence, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 PCB c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p netlist t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 PCB. Altium t\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 PCB, v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ec7p netlist ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea5p chu\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng netlist th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb, v\u00ec v\u1eady nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. OrCAD v\u00e0 Allegro t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi Cadence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 7 \u2014 V\u1ebd footprint PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t footprint PCB. Khu\u00f4n PCB l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c pad, l\u1edbp in ch\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chip v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd khu\u00f4n PCB. C\u00e1c pad th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c pad. L\u1edbp khu\u00f4n in kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc pad. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam l\u1edbp gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp \u00e2m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In \u1ea5n l\u1ee5a th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n pin-1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c footprint th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 SO14, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SO14.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4590\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SO14.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SO14-180x300.webp 180w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SO14-7x12.webp 7w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 8 \u2014 C\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi nh\u1eadp netlist, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch: \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp. Ba th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ra. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 4 l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 2 v\u00e0 3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 GND v\u00e0 VCC, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 6 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t GND tr\u00ean l\u1edbp 2 v\u00e0 5, v\u00e0 VCC tr\u00ean l\u1edbp 3 ho\u1eb7c 4. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 8 l\u1edbp tr\u1edf l\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 9 \u2014 V\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n b\u1ea3ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 10 \u2014 \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sau khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 11 \u2014 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho l\u1ed7 vias, \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 12 \u2014 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy t\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng\/kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u vi sai, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u1edbp, thu h\u1eb9p pad v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u DDR3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u1edbp: c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nhau; c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 DQS c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u1edbp ri\u00eang. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i k\u00e9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng th\u1eddi gian DDR v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. Xem c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean DDR n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DDR v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd DQS: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.elecfans.com\/d\/682335.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.elecfans.com\/d\/682335.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 vi sai, DQS &amp; DQM: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnblogs.com\/edadoc\/p\/6387049.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.cnblogs.com\/edadoc\/p\/6387049.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 13 \u2014 V\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u0111a gi\u00e1c (h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c pad l\u00e0m m\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn: chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, g\u00f3c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c m\u1eb9o b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 14 \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh khu\u00f4n in l\u1ee5a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n in l\u1ee5a sao cho s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng in logo ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 ng\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 15 \u2014 Xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p khoan v\u00e0 t\u1ec7p Gerber (t\u1ec7p b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t linh ki\u1ec7n, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 in m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Altium, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ec7p d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PADS v\u00e0 Cadence, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p khoan v\u00e0 t\u1ec7p Gerber. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f2n, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p gia c\u00f4ng cho dao c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 16 \u2014 Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa quy tr\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 t\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch: JLCPCB, HQPCB, JietaiPCB, Xunjiexing, Xingsen, Lichuang, v.v. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a JLCPCB \u2014 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eabu tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 17 \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Khi g\u1eedi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch. Sau khi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed, cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho b\u1ea1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn xem m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 thi hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 18 \u2014 L\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p PCB v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p PCB (PCBA). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n SMT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00f4 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu th\u1eed, nhi\u1ec1u linh ki\u1ec7n (tr\u1eeb BGA, c\u00e1c pad \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n 0201 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n tay. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00f4 nh\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, h\u00e0n tay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tr\u00ean d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 g\u1eedi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BOM (Danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y (t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 d\u00e1n Gerber (t\u1eeb l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 d\u00e1n).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghi nh\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 g\u1eedi danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA) ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m EDA PCB, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o file photoplot tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do PCB c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0m g\u00ec. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB. N\u1ed9i dung bao g\u1ed3m: v\u1ebd footprint, v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed PCB v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t file Gerber. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft cung c\u1ea5p quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng quan v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 1 \u2014 Ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m Altium Designer, Mentor PADS v\u00e0 Cadence (OrCAD v\u00e0 Allegro). T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng EAGLE, Protel v\u00e0 Lichuang EDA. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng Altium Designer. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean gia, t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng Cadence.<br>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) l\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m EDA. Sau khi n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c, firmware, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c EMC. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 2 \u2014 Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n pin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: hai khe c\u1eafm pin \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8n LED. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<br>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch demo cho chip Ethernet SPI KSZ8851SNL, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1ch v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u2014 V\u1ebd d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (g\u00f3i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd footprint c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng linh ki\u1ec7n. Sau khi v\u1ebd footprint, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t. L\u00fd do ch\u00fang ta v\u1ebd footprint tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 khi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng footprint \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 footprint \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e8n pin, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n. M\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm v\u00e0 t\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi footprint c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 footprint m\u1eabu. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 IC \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c connector, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd footprint b\u1eb1ng tay d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean datasheet c\u1ee7a chip. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi chip giao th\u1ee9c Mechatrolink c\u1ee7a Yaskawa. Chip n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi Yaskawa v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p datasheet, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 footprint cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 EDA. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eebng ch\u00e2n (pin) trong s\u1ed1 100 ch\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u00e1n t\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chip l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 ZYNQ XC7Z010-1CLG400I BGA c\u00f3 400 ch\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t 400 ch\u00e2n, g\u00e1n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chip c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Xilinx cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2n Zynq-7000 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n ch\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00f5 tay 400 ch\u00e2n:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/package-pinout-files\/zynq7000-pkgs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/package-pinout-files\/zynq7000-pkgs.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i chip th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm (footprint) tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Xem c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 4 \u2014 T\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, trang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 5 \u2014 K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch (n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1eebng ch\u00e2n theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i logic gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 6 \u2014 Xu\u1ea5t\/nh\u1eadp netlist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PADS v\u00e0 Cadence, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 PCB c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p netlist t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 PCB. Altium t\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 PCB, v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ec7p netlist ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea5p chu\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng netlist th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb, v\u00ec v\u1eady nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. OrCAD v\u00e0 Allegro t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi Cadence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 7 \u2014 V\u1ebd footprint PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t footprint PCB. Khu\u00f4n PCB l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c pad, l\u1edbp in ch\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chip v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd khu\u00f4n PCB. C\u00e1c pad th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c pad. L\u1edbp khu\u00f4n in kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc pad. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam l\u1edbp gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp \u00e2m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In \u1ea5n l\u1ee5a th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n pin-1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c footprint th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 SO14, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 8 \u2014 C\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi nh\u1eadp netlist, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch: \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp. Ba th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ra. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 4 l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 2 v\u00e0 3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 GND v\u00e0 VCC, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 6 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t GND tr\u00ean l\u1edbp 2 v\u00e0 5, v\u00e0 VCC tr\u00ean l\u1edbp 3 ho\u1eb7c 4. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 8 l\u1edbp tr\u1edf l\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 9 \u2014 V\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n b\u1ea3ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 10 \u2014 \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sau khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 11 \u2014 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho l\u1ed7 vias, \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 12 \u2014 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy t\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng\/kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u vi sai, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u1edbp, thu h\u1eb9p pad v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u DDR3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u1edbp: c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nhau; c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 DQS c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u1edbp ri\u00eang. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i k\u00e9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng th\u1eddi gian DDR v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. Xem c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean DDR n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DDR v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd DQS: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.elecfans.com\/d\/682335.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.elecfans.com\/d\/682335.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 vi sai, DQS &amp; DQM: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnblogs.com\/edadoc\/p\/6387049.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.cnblogs.com\/edadoc\/p\/6387049.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 13 \u2014 V\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u0111a gi\u00e1c (h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c pad l\u00e0m m\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn: chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, g\u00f3c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c m\u1eb9o b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 14 \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh khu\u00f4n in l\u1ee5a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n in l\u1ee5a sao cho s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng in logo ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 ng\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 15 \u2014 Xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p khoan v\u00e0 t\u1ec7p Gerber (t\u1ec7p b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t linh ki\u1ec7n, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 in m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Altium, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ec7p d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PADS v\u00e0 Cadence, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p khoan v\u00e0 t\u1ec7p Gerber. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f2n, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ec7p gia c\u00f4ng cho dao c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 16 \u2014 Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa quy tr\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c trang \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a <strong>Philifast<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/\">https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eabu PCB tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 17 \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Khi g\u1eedi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch. Sau khi b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed, cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho b\u1ea1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn xem m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 thi hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u ch\u00e9o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 18 \u2014 L\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p PCB v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p PCB (PCBA). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n SMT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00f4 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu th\u1eed, nhi\u1ec1u linh ki\u1ec7n (tr\u1eeb BGA, c\u00e1c pad \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n 0201 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n tay. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00f4 nh\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, h\u00e0n tay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tr\u00ean d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 g\u1eedi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BOM (Danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y (t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 d\u00e1n Gerber (t\u1eeb l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 d\u00e1n).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghi nh\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 g\u1eedi danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA) ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Step 1 \u2014 Choose the right EDA tool The EDA tools I know that many people use are Altium Designer, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4591,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"tablet\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"mobile\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center 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