{"id":4614,"date":"2026-01-15T07:28:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-15T07:28:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4614"},"modified":"2026-01-15T07:28:20","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T07:28:20","slug":"pcba-manual-soldering-best-practices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcba-manual-soldering-best-practices\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0n tay m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

PCBA l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Bo m\u1ea1ch in + L\u1eafp r\u00e1p<\/a>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i qua. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00e0n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (SMT)<\/a> L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp qua l\u1ed7 (DIP), sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cPCBA\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, trong khi \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u201cPCB\u2019A\u201d v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u nh\u00e1y \u0111\u01a1n \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. N\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch in PCB b\u1eb1ng tay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n \u1edf g\u00f3c 45\u00b0 so v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Nhi\u1ec7t<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. D\u00e2y h\u00e0n<\/strong>Cung c\u1ea5p d\u00e2y h\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng, cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0n ch\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u00e2y h\u00e0n<\/strong>Khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n ch\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, h\u00e3y k\u00e9o d\u00e2y h\u00e0n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1eaft<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c va ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0o l\u00ean m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0n ch\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn th\u00e1o que h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"Five-Step<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    2. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed9 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n ch\u00ec-thi\u1ebfc c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1nh, khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0n ch\u1ea3y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p. Ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea9n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n) ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0\u1edbt v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (\u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh) c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2 S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t intermetallic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t li\u00ean kim lo\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 m\u1ecbn, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u00f4, c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.3 G\u00f3c \u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Khi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 35\u00b0C tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m eutectic c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t meniscus (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecfng cong) s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a meniscus n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • N\u1ebfu meniscus c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft l\u00f5m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, th\u00ec kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua g\u00f3c meniscus nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 30\u00b0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      2.4 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n l\u1ecfng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 lan r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n. Ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t pha h\u1ee3p kim m\u1edbi (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp oxit h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ti\u1ebft gia c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        2.5 T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp intermetallic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        PCBA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim h\u00e0n ch\u00ec-thi\u1ebfc. Trong khi ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p kim kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim kim lo\u1ea1i (Cu\u2083Sn v\u00e0 Cu\u2086Sn\u2085) t\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n h\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • L\u1edbp intermetallic (g\u1ed3m pha \u03b7 v\u00e0 pha \u03b5) ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ecfng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Trong h\u00e0n laser, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp li\u00ean kim lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 0,1 mm; trong h\u00e0n s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0n tay, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp li\u00ean kim lo\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,5 \u00b5m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n gi\u1ea3m khi l\u1edbp h\u1ee3p kim gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i d\u00e0y l\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 \u00b5m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          3. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba khi h\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch in b\u1eb1ng tay (PCBA)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          3.1 Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh (ESD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Lu\u00f4n \u0111eo d\u00e2y \u0111eo c\u1ed5 tay ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n (ESD). C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 h\u01a1n 10.000 volt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, trong khi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 300 V. D\u00e2y \u0111eo c\u1ed5 tay \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o x\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3.2 X\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • \u0110eo g\u0103ng tay ho\u1eb7c bao ng\u00f3n tay; kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng tay tr\u1ea7n (d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1eeb da c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c \u0103n m\u00f2n).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7m bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n tr\u00ean bo m\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            3.3 Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n, g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a que h\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang; duy tr\u00ec th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u01afu ti\u00ean h\u00e0n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 oxy h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n \u2013 \u1edf 470\u00b0C, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 oxy h\u00f3a g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi 380\u00b0C, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh: \u00c1p l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n. Ch\u1ecdn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi pad h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Tr\u00e1nh va ch\u1ea1m ho\u1eb7c vung \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft: \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng l\u00f5i gia nhi\u1ec7t, g\u00e2y b\u1eafn ch\u00ec h\u00e0n (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean bo m\u1ea1ch in) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a l\u00f5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              3.4 B\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Lau s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf oxit v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n th\u1eeba. Mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n n\u00ean \u1ea9m (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u01b0\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4):\n
                  \n
                • B\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 \u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t (s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf; c\u1eb7n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • B\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf oxit, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea1 thi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u que kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u00e0n sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u1eb7n h\u00e0n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 thi\u1ebfc (ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp thi\u1ebfc m\u1ecfng) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  3.5 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch (k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n) ho\u1eb7c che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng, g\u00e2y h\u1ecfng m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCBA) v\u00e0 g\u00e2y r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec7n; l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf oxit ho\u1eb7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Gi\u1ea3m b\u1eafn t\u00f3e h\u00e0n: Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m ch\u1ea3y d\u00e2y h\u00e0n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng (ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u1eafn t\u00f3e). Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2y h\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    3.6 Tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                    Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u00e1y l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n\u2014\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    3.7 Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng sau khi h\u00e0n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                    Sau khi h\u00e0n, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n theo danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • a. C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • b. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n c\u00f3 m\u1ecbn, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • c. C\u00f3 c\u00f2n d\u00f2ng t\u1eeb d\u01b0 xung quanh m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • d. C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7u h\u00e0n (k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c pad) n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • e. C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m n\u00e0o b\u1ecb bong ra ho\u1eb7c r\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • f. C\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t n\u00e0o \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • g. C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u1edbp n\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 kim (\u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb k\u00e9o d\u00e0i) ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      3.8 An to\u00e0n v\u00e0 Th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • \u0110eo kh\u1ea9u trang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u00edt ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat ho\u1eb7c t\u1ee7 h\u00fat kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1t t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        4. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1eb9o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        • Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tay v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Ch\u1ecdn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n\/\u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y h\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch in PCB).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Gi\u1eef khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                          5. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft: C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          1. \u0110eo d\u00e2y \u0111eo c\u1ed5 tay ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u0103ng tay ho\u1eb7c bao ng\u00f3n tay \u2014 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) b\u1eb1ng tay tr\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          3. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang g\u00f3c h\u00e0n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          4. Gi\u1eef bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          5. \u01afu ti\u00ean h\u00e0n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          6. Kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          7. V\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0n \u1ee7i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1ea9m \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          8. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u2014 tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 \u00edt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          9. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 thi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          10. Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u0103ng ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00ec v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0n).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          11. Tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do nhi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2y v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          12. Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n sau khi h\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          13. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 (kh\u1ea9u trang, m\u00e1y h\u00fat kh\u00f3i) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          14. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                            Ghi ch\u00fa cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                            H\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch in PCB b\u1eb1ng tay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp h\u1ee3p kim, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n (ESD) v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            Introduction PCBA stands for Printed Circuit Board + Assembly. It refers to the full process where a bare PCB undergoes 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