{"id":4647,"date":"2026-01-20T06:03:03","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T06:03:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4647"},"modified":"2026-01-20T06:17:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T06:17:12","slug":"hdi-pcb-design-essential-optimization-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/hdi-pcb-design-essential-optimization-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in HDI: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t Bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao (HDI)<\/a> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 HDI cho ph\u00e9p t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u linh ki\u1ec7n h\u01a1n trong kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111eo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf HDI c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf PCB HDI<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng minh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch HDI, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb G\u1eafn B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (SMD) v\u00e0 M\u1ea3ng L\u01b0\u1edbi Bi (BGA) c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n (pitch) l\u00e0 $0.65\\text{ mm}$ ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n (kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n n\u1eb1m qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n nhau, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edt kh\u00f4ng gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed7 (via) b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t BGA c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Microvias<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Microvias l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf HDI. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n $0.15\\text{ mm}$. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lamination \u201cbuild-up\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201csequential\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Microvias gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian. V\u00ec ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u microvias h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngu\u1ed3n v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ly ho\u1eb7c \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch in \u0111a l\u1edbp (HDI). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t \u201ct\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho ph\u00e9p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n vi l\u1ed7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf HDI, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cvia-in-pad\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t microvia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t pad h\u00e0n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, l\u1ed7 via ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c\u0111\u1eady k\u00edn\u201d ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00ec l\u1ed7 via kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i pad. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201coffset\u201d microvias, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng gian hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"v\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5. Gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t BGA<\/a>, B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cPower Integrity\u201d (PI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean l\u1edbn t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u201ckho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong HDI, do c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea1n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (EMC) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed3ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0 bong tr\u00f3c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cStack-up\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong HDI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u201cH\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t\u201d (CTE). Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf bao nhi\u00eau khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu hai l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTE r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1ch l\u1edbp\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTE v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"HDI<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

7. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra trong m\u1ea1ch (ICT) truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch HDI. ICT y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1edbn, chi\u1ebfm qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p JTAG (Nh\u00f3m H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Ki\u1ec3m tra Chung). JTAG cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho t\u1eebng d\u00e2y d\u1eabn. Trong khi ICT r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, JTAG l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch HDI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"JTAG<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bo m\u1ea1ch HDI c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1n n\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo IPC-2226<\/a> Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t trong HDI. M\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a HDI l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t) r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c chip. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam \u201cl\u1ed7 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn so v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u201cKh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2y m\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n nhu c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 cao, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 PWB<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 PWB (B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i inch vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i \u201cm\u1ea1ng\u201d (m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t) c\u00f3 ba n\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i d\u00e2y d\u1eabn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00fat. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

$$Wd = \\beta \\sqrt{Cd \\times Cc}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • $Wd$<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y m\u1ea1ch in (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch in tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i inch vu\u00f4ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • $Cd$<\/strong>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i inch vu\u00f4ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • $Cc$<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n\/c\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • $\\beta$<\/strong>M\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch.\n
      \n
    • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 2.5<\/strong> cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u analog cao ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 3.0<\/strong> cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa analog v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 3.5<\/strong> cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ho\u1eb7c ASIC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1eefu \u00edch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf HDI cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      HDI l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p PCB. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch HDI c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c pad nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, trong khi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch HDI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a bo m\u1ea1ch. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed7 vias vi (l\u1ed7 vias \u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Khi s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp \u00edt h\u01a1n, chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed7 vias n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"PCB<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in HDI, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn linh ki\u1ec7n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n. H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p so v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch HDI. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • 1-HDI:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp vi m\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u1edbi l\u00f5i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch ch\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • 2-HDI (Kh\u00f4ng x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng):<\/strong> Hai l\u1edbp vi l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Stacked 2-HDI:<\/strong> C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch n\u1eb1m ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u1ebfp l\u1edbp c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u1ebfp l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb cong ho\u1eb7c u\u1ed1n cong trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia nhi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u1ebfp l\u1edbp t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u201chi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t\u201d (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n nhau, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u201cCan nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d (EMI). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y d\u1eabn r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 sang d\u00e2y d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7n dung ph\u1ee5\u201d, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        B\u1ea1n n\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n sao cho kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (EMI). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n nhau, vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ch\u00fang s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (SI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u kia c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y d\u1eabn. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Gi\u1eef t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung h\u00ecnh (aspect ratio) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u201cstub\u201d (ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eeba treo ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ng\u1eafn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e2ng cao<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch in HDI (High-Density Interconnect) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m CAD (Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 B\u1edfi M\u00e1y t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 CAM (S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 B\u1edfi M\u00e1y t\u00ednh) chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u201cLaser Direct Imaging\u201d (LDI) \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch si\u00eau nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. Do \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t cao, kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          L\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Bo m\u1ea1ch HDI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang trong:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • M\u00e1y t\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u0110i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 mang theo h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n HDI c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra sao. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1eeba ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Designing a High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCB requires a deep understanding of both electrical needs and manufacturing limits. HDI technology allows […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2704,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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