{"id":4673,"date":"2026-01-23T09:21:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-23T09:21:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4673"},"modified":"2026-01-23T09:21:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T09:21:58","slug":"step-by-step-hdi-pcb-blind-and-buried-via-process","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/step-by-step-hdi-pcb-blind-and-buried-via-process\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n \u1ea9n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) HDI t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (v\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng, n\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec). T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u00e0i (h\u01a1n 1800 t\u1eeb) nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quy tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch HDI c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>HDI l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a High Density Interconnect. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 PCB ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 khoan laser. Khoan c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i khoan. Khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t 0,15 mm, chi ph\u00ed t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. L\u1ed7 khoan laser HDI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb 3\u20135 mil (0,076\u20130,127 mm). \u0110\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 3\u20134 mil (0,076\u20130,10 mm). K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc pad tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>HDI cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3i linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0 <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-assembly\/bga-assmebly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1921\">BGA<\/a> v\u00e0 QFP. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (HDI) hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho BGA c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n 0,5 mm. Khi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ch BGA chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tho\u00e1t g\u00f3c sang tho\u00e1t trung t\u00e2m, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-manufacturer\/hdi-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1915\">Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (HDI)<\/a> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhu c\u1ea7u. HDI c\u1ea5p hai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&amp;D) v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. HDI c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 laser ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi l\u1edbp trong li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1. HDI c\u1ea5p hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoan t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 ba, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qua l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi HDI c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng: v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00f5i (CORE): l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch hai m\u1eb7t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepreg: T\u1ea5m nh\u1ef1a b\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m keo cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ef1c in m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 h\u00e0n: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 h\u00e0n, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ef1c in Legend (in l\u1ee5a): d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 in d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ee3p kim thi\u1ebfc-ch\u00ec, niken-v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-manufacturer\/osp-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2386\">OSP<\/a>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t laminate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2.1 C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i laminate th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha cao (Tg) ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m MICA\/EG-150T, SYST\/S1141, Grace\/MTC-97 v\u00e0 HITACHI\/MCL-HD-67. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2.2 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho HDI<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u RCC: 80T18, 60T12, 65T12, 80T12, 60T18.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fr4 (LDP): 1080, 106.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201cfr4\u201d cho FR-4 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 RCC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>RCC l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Resin Coated Copper. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. L\u1edbp m\u00e0ng n\u00e0y bao ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. RCC ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: B-stage (Mitsui) v\u00e0 B+C stage (Polyclad).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh trong m\u00e0ng nh\u1ef1a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng laser ho\u1eb7c plasma.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n b\u00f3c t\u00e1ch cao.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Khoan laser cho HDI th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o RCC. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 khoan laser c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh thang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 khoan c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 khoan th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 0,076\u20130,10 mm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u HDI kh\u00e1c (l\u00f5i, prepreg, l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean trong kh\u00e1 m\u1ecfng: c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 1 oz, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 0,5 oz, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 l\u00ean 1 oz. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n. V\u00ec RCC kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 8 l\u1edbp 2+4+2)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 C\u1eaft nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 (CUT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ea1 l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ba kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0110\u01a0N V\u1eca: M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u1ed8: G\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea1nh quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u1ed8 PH\u1ea6N: Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng khi mua l\u00e0 36,5 inch \u00d7 48,5 inch, 40,5 inch \u00d7 48,5 inch v\u00e0 42,5 inch \u00d7 48,5 inch. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT.webp\" alt=\"CUT\" class=\"wp-image-4675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT-768x511.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4 l\u1edbp trong (INNER DRY FILM)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4 b\u00ean trong chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m: ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0ng photoresist, ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea9y m\u00e0ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Laminate: D\u00e1n phim nh\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng phim. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i v\u1eabn m\u1ec1m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n phim m\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gia c\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7: Gia c\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ed9 ra. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f3c l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb9o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p laminate. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfng, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Oxy h\u00f3a m\u00e0u \u0111en ho\u1eb7c n\u00e2u (Oxy h\u00f3a \u0111en)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t b\u00ean trong, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a m\u00e0u \u0111en ho\u1eb7c n\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e9p laminate. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u1edbi nh\u1ef1a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00f4xit (CuO) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00f4xit hai (Cu\u2082O) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 bong tr\u00f3c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu Cu\u2082O l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a n\u00e2u (m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf). N\u1ebfu CuO l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a \u0111en (m\u00e0u \u0111en).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Laminate (\u00c9p)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lamination k\u1ebft d\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u prepreg \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n B. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>X\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng: s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u prepreg, l\u00f5i trong, t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, t\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea5y kraft v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m \u00e9p ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 s\u00e1u l\u1edbp tr\u1edf l\u00ean, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c9p n\u00f3ng: \u0110\u1eb7t ch\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o m\u00e1y \u00e9p n\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 laminate \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cong v\u00eanh s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y nh\u1ef1a g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias \u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING.webp\" alt=\"PRESSING\" class=\"wp-image-4677\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.5 Khoan l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n (KHOAN)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB, khoan c\u01a1 kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 8 mil. Khoan c\u01a1 kh\u00ed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias \u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 giao nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch 8 l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 3\u20136, l\u1ed7 vias \u1ea9n cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 1\u20132 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 vias \u1ea9n cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 7\u20138 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p giao nhau nh\u01b0 3\u20135 v\u00e0 4\u20136 v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng (nh\u01b0 3\u20135 v\u00e0 4\u20136) l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m. Chi ph\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao g\u1ea5p s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING.webp\" alt=\"DRILLING\" class=\"wp-image-4676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.6 \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng (th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 khoan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t. Ba b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1eb7n khoan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u00e0y l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Tham s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung (\u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7). Khi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch t\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3m, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn trung t\u00e2m l\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 m\u1ecfng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i h\u1edf vi m\u00f4. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. C\u1ea3 l\u1ed7 m\u00f9\/l\u1ed7 ch\u00ecm v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.7 L\u1edbp m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4 b\u00ean trong th\u1ee9 hai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias ch\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 3\u20136, \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ef1c nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc phim kh\u00f4 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 3 v\u00e0 6. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a \u0111en\/n\u00e2u l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eedi \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p l\u1edbp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p l\u1edbp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00f9ng quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.8 L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 hai (m\u00e1y \u00e9p HDI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ea3ng HDI c\u00f3 l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ecfng, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a LDP t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi RCC. LDP ch\u1ea3y ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghi ch\u00fa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t\/ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf do c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00f5m g\u00e2y ra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 vias b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u00eanh l\u00e0m m\u1ecfng l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 laser CO\u2082 HDI, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng ngo\u00e0i, kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 laser, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia laser c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111a l\u1edbp tr\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.9 M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng laser)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n: M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh 1 v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh 2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 1: Ghi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng etch tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch con \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 (blind via) v\u00e0 ghi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb cho m\u00e1y ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n gia c\u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y v\u00e0 khoan laser.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p 2: T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 laser. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng laser CO\u2082.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask.webp\" alt=\"Conformal mask\" class=\"wp-image-4674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask-300x188.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask-768x480.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.10 Khoan laser (KHOAN LASER)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan laser s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng laser \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u00f9. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng laser suy gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7 thu h\u1eb9p theo \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 4\u20136 mil (0.10\u20130.15 mm). Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IPC6016, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u22640.15 mm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 micro-vias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,15 mm c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khoan xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed t\u0103ng nhanh. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 laser ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoan ba l\u1ea7n. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 khoan l\u00e0 100\u2013200 l\u1ed7 m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoan nhanh h\u01a1n (l\u1ed7 0,100 mm ~120 l\u1ed7\/gi\u00e2y; l\u1ed7 0,076 mm ~170 l\u1ed7\/gi\u00e2y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.11 Laser th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ed7 laser \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ebft ch\u00e1y. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a. C\u1ea7n r\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1eb7n khoan. V\u1ebft ch\u00e1y \u1edf l\u1ed7 vi m\u00f4 kh\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. M\u1ea1ch in HDI hai t\u1ea7ng x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng (COPPER FILLING). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cao c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.12 L\u1edbp m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4 b\u00ean trong th\u1ee9 ba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i qua l\u1ed7 laser, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai (Conformal mask1). Sau \u0111\u00f3, quay l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1eed l\u00fd phim kh\u00f4 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp 2 v\u00e0 7. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a m\u00e0u \u0111en\/n\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u1edbp lamination th\u1ee9 ba. Ti\u1ebfp theo, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 th\u1ee9 ba (b\u01b0\u1edbc 1) v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u1ed7 m\u00f9 th\u1ee9 hai (b\u01b0\u1edbc 2) \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan laser l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (HDI) c\u1ea5p hai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. L\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m. T\u1eeb d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<br>1\u20132 + 2\u20133 l\u1ed7 &lt; ch\u1ec9 1\u20133 l\u1ed7 &lt; 1\u20132 + 1\u20133 l\u1ed7 &lt; 2\u20133 + 1\u20133 l\u1ed7 &lt; 1\u20132 + 2\u20133 + 1\u20133 l\u1ed7.<br>C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias HDI n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.13 Khoan laser l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbc khoan laser th\u1ee9 hai theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ea1ch in hai l\u1edbp (HDI). Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc khoan laser \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ed7 via.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.14 Khoan c\u01a1 kh\u00ed (khoan l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc gia c\u00f4ng laser, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khoan c\u01a1 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y khoan c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea5m panel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.15 Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1eb7n khoan v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng (P.T.H)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias m\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vias \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, quy tr\u00ecnh HDI \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ebft th\u00fac. T\u1eeb nay tr\u1edf \u0111i, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n PCB ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.16 L\u1edbp m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 theo m\u1eabu (DRY FILM &amp; PATTERN PLATING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n m\u1eabu b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1ea1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1eeb: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phim \u00e2m b\u1ea3n. Phim kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ea1ch. G\u1ecdt v\u00e0 t\u1ea9y phim \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam\/th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phim d\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1edbp phim kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1ch. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1 theo m\u1eabu (\u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfc), sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f3c phim, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0103n m\u00f2n ki\u1ec1m, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf thi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.17 M\u00e0ng h\u00e0n d\u1ea1ng \u01b0\u1edbt (WET FILM SOLDER MASK)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0n (solder mask) bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n sai, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch kh\u1ecfi h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quy tr\u00ecnh: l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u2192 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp \u2192 n\u01b0\u1edbng s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u2192 ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng \u2192 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2192 \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng tia UV \u2192 \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7u l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed7 via v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n sau n\u00e0y, l\u1eafp r\u00e1p SMT v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.18 M\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc (IMMERSION GOLD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ea1 niken\/v\u00e0ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sau khi ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp ch\u1ed1ng h\u00e0n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u linh ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c pad. V\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1: niken ~5 \u03bcm, v\u00e0ng 0.05\u20130.1 \u03bcm. V\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n y\u1ebfu. V\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u00e9m. ENIG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 h\u00e0n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt pad t\u1ed1i m\u00e0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.19 In \u1ea5n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 (In \u1ea5n C\/M)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In \u1ea5n c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ef1c in k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.20 Gia c\u00f4ng phay v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh (T\u1ea0O H\u00ccNH)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u1eaft t\u1ea5m panel ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc UNIT ho\u1eb7c SET b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y CNC. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1eaft vi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng r\u00e3nh. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n V-CUT, th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u1ed9 dung sai c\u1ee7a profile, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00f3c v\u00e1t, b\u00e1n k\u00ednh g\u00f3c trong. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u00e0 m\u00e9p t\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.21 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n (E-TEST)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ly. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111inh v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 bay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111inh: gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh. Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n cho t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch in c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ea7u d\u00f2 di \u0111\u1ed9ng: di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ea1ch in. N\u00f3 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.22 OSP (Ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n h\u1eefu c\u01a1)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>OSP t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c pad \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng sau khi ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng l\u00e0 0,3\u20130,5 \u03bcm. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kho\u1ea3ng 300 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh: L\u1edbp m\u1ea1 ph\u1eb3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi PCB c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n nh\u1ecf; quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u00edt \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: L\u1edbp m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hi\u1ec7n nay, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ENIG v\u00e0 OSP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf HASL trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK.webp\" alt=\"WET FILM SOLDER MASK\" class=\"wp-image-4679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.23 Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (KI\u1ec2M TO\u00c1N CU\u1ed0I C\u00d9NG)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ki\u1ec3m tra ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.24 \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i (\u0110\u00d3NG G\u00d3I)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i bo m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bo m\u1ea1ch trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u00fang c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Below is the English translation. I used clear, simple wording and basic linking words (and, but, so, then, because). I 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