{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"CTE \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a PCB nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, linh ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). Ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng (THT)<\/a>, c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n h\u00e0n. Khi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch u\u1ed1n cong ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, ch\u00e2n h\u00e0n s\u1ebd u\u1ed1n cong v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u00edt l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00e2n h\u00e0n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u00edt l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng h\u01a1n. L\u1ef1c c\u0103ng do h\u00e0n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (SMT)<\/a>, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp th\u00eam linh ki\u1ec7n l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng. L\u1ef1c c\u0103ng s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean th\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh CTE c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n FR4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n gia c\u1ed1 s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng (FR4)<\/a> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) kh\u00e1c nhau theo tr\u1ee5c z (theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y t\u1ea5m) v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng x-y (theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ea5m). T\u1ea5m s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n theo tr\u1ee5c z khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng. Khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha th\u1ee7y tinh Tg, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf. Ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTE n\u00e0y l\u00e0 a1. Khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf tr\u00ean Tg, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng cao su v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTE n\u00e0y l\u00e0 a2. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, a2 g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng ba l\u1ea7n a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n Tg, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh epoxy theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng x v\u00e0 y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 ppm\/\u00b0C. Theo h\u01b0\u1edbng z, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. Khi m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a CTE \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PTH v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 vi m\u1ea1ch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CTE l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean qua v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 vi m\u00f4 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PWA). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung h\u00ecnh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch chia cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n. Trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i SMT, th\u00e1o linh ki\u1ec7n, h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, g\u1eafn b\u00f3ng, l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0n s\u00f3ng, CTE theo h\u01b0\u1edbng z l\u1edbn s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn cho PTH. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu hai h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp nhau, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a CTE \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb CTE khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u CTE ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 CTE b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CTE l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh theo ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m khi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ho\u1eb7c co l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 so v\u1edbi m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u co l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9 C (ppm\/\u00b0C). N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) gi\u00e3n n\u1edf 14 ppm\/\u00b0C theo chi\u1ec1u ngang, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u inch, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u00eam 14 inch cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9 C t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch CTE gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) v\u00e0 chip silicon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m laminate FR4 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) t\u1eeb 14 \u0111\u1ebfn 17 ppm\/\u00b0C. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chip silicon c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u chip silicon c\u00f3 CTE kho\u1ea3ng 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3i BGA c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn \u2014 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c khi PCB v\u00e0 chip n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, PCB s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n chip. S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n th\u00eam n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m bong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi chip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 PCB, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTE \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n PCB<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \/ Linh ki\u1ec7n<\/th>CTE (h\u01b0\u1edbng X-Y) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th>CTE (h\u01b0\u1edbng Z) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th>Ghi ch\u00fa<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
T\u1ea5m laminate FR-4 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/td>14 \u2013 17<\/td>60 \u2013 70 (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Tg c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 200)<\/td>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u PCB ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr>
FR-4 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha cao<\/td>12 \u2013 16<\/td>50 \u2013 60<\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n<\/td><\/tr>
V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u PCB polyimide<\/td>12 \u2013 14<\/td>40 \u2013 50<\/td>D\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ed3ng<\/td>16,5 \u2013 17<\/td>16,5 \u2013 17<\/td>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00e2y d\u1eabn tham chi\u1ebfu<\/td><\/tr>
Con chip silicon<\/td>2,6 \u2013 3 (silic kh\u1ed1i)<\/td>\u2014<\/td>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a g\u00f3i ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
G\u00f3i BGA (lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng)<\/td>6 \u2013 10<\/td>\u2014<\/td>T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n<\/td><\/tr>
V\u1ecf g\u1ed1m<\/td>6 \u2013 8<\/td>\u2014<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch CTE t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi silicon<\/td><\/tr>
Nh\u00f4m<\/td>22 \u2013 24<\/td>22 \u2013 24<\/td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in l\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>
L\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed3ng-Invar-\u0111\u1ed3ng (CIC)<\/td>8 \u2013 10<\/td>8 \u2013 10<\/td>L\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p<\/td><\/tr>
L\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed3ng-molypden-\u0111\u1ed3ng (CMC)<\/td>6 \u2013 8<\/td>6 \u2013 8<\/td>L\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p<\/td><\/tr>
L\u00f5i aramid \/ Kevlar<\/td>7 \u2013 8<\/td>7 \u2013 8<\/td>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00f5i PCB c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u laminate, ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha (Tg), h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i (Dk) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau t\u00e1n (Df), c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u laminate \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE), ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i FR4 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTE t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cao (kho\u1ea3ng 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3i silicon r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t CTE. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i, Kevlar ho\u1eb7c aramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c l\u00f5i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i FR4 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p. L\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng-invar-\u0111\u1ed3ng (CIC) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng-molypden-\u0111\u1ed3ng (CMC). Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 6 mil. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta d\u00e1n c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m prepreg FR4 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00f5i l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 CIC v\u00e0 CMC. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 8 ppm\/\u00b0C v\u00e0 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Khi g\u1eafn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i FR4 v\u00e0o l\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 12 ppm\/\u00b0C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi CIC v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 9 ppm\/\u00b0C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi CMC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Kevlar Thermount ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5m laminate aramid l\u00e0m l\u00f5i. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a l\u00f5i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 ppm\/\u00b0C. Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n FR4, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 CTE c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, l\u00f5i CTE th\u1ea5p thay th\u1ebf l\u00f5i FR4 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i Kevlar th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u00e2m. Khi ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft d\u00ednh c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng epoxy, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 CTE d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi ph\u00ed, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a l\u00f5i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p (Low-CTE)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i composite Kevlar v\u00e0 aramid c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Arlon Kevlar Thermount r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n cung. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00f5i c\u00f3 CTE th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 khoan v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 6\u20139 ppm\/\u00b0C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3i chip silicon c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE), b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in l\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n FR4 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng. L\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Kevlar. L\u00f5i kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Kevlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp CTE, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (CTE) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (CTE) c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00f5i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 CIC, CMC, Kevlar ho\u1eb7c aramid cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha (Tg) v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n pha (Tg) cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n SMT, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0n sao cho gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec9nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00f5i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t (CTE) th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 khoan v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh khoan kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CTE l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n PCB. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, linh ki\u1ec7n n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n CTE ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4730,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[274,279,272,275,268,273,276,106,271,277,269,270,280,278],"class_list":["post-4729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pcb-manufacturers","tag-aramid-pcb-materials","tag-bga-solder-joint-reliability","tag-cic-cmc-pcb","tag-coefficient-of-thermal-expansion-pcb","tag-fr4-cte","tag-kevlar-pcb-core","tag-low-cte-materials-pcb","tag-metal-core-pcb","tag-pcb-cte","tag-pcb-material-selection","tag-pcb-thermal-stress","tag-pth-reliability","tag-smt-reliability","tag-tg-dk-df-pcb"],"spectra_custom_meta":{"_edit_lock":["1772090619:1"],"rank_math_internal_links_processed":["1"],"rank_math_primary_category":["30"],"rank_math_seo_score":["18"],"rank_math_title":["%title%"],"_thumbnail_id":["4730"],"_uag_custom_page_level_css":[""],"site-sidebar-layout":["default"],"site-content-layout":[""],"ast-site-content-layout":["default"],"site-content-style":["default"],"site-sidebar-style":["default"],"ast-global-header-display":[""],"ast-banner-title-visibility":[""],"ast-main-header-display":[""],"ast-hfb-above-header-display":[""],"ast-hfb-below-header-display":[""],"ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":[""],"site-post-title":[""],"ast-breadcrumbs-content":[""],"ast-featured-img":[""],"footer-sml-layout":[""],"theme-transparent-header-meta":[""],"adv-header-id-meta":[""],"stick-header-meta":[""],"header-above-stick-meta":[""],"header-main-stick-meta":[""],"header-below-stick-meta":[""],"astra-migrate-meta-layouts":["default"],"ast-page-background-enabled":["default"],"ast-page-background-meta":["a:3:{s:7:\"desktop\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-5)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"tablet\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"mobile\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}}"],"ast-content-background-meta":["a:3:{s:7:\"desktop\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"tablet\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}s:6:\"mobile\";a:12:{s:16:\"background-color\";s:25:\"var(--ast-global-color-4)\";s:16:\"background-image\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"background-repeat\";s:6:\"repeat\";s:19:\"background-position\";s:13:\"center center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}}"],"footnotes":[""],"_elementor_edit_mode":[""],"_elementor_template_type":[""],"_elementor_data":[""],"_elementor_conditions":["a:0:{}"],"_edit_last":["1"],"_uag_page_assets":["a:9:{s:3:\"css\";s:30185:\".uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-desktop) !important}@media (max-width: 976px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-tablet) !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-mobile) !important}}\n.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap,.uagb-social-share__wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap,.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-social-share__wrap{flex-direction:column}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:first-child{margin-top:0 !important}.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap a.uagb-button__link:focus{box-shadow:none}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__wrapper{padding:0;margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;transition:all 0.2s;display:inline-flex;text-align:center}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__source-wrap{display:inline-block}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__link{color:#3a3a3a;display:inline-table;line-height:0;cursor:pointer}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__source-icon{font-size:40px;width:40px;height:40px}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap .uagb-ss__source-image{width:40px}@media (max-width: 976px){.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:first-child{margin-left:0 !important}.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child.uagb-ss-repeater.uagb-ss__wrapper:last-child{margin-right:0 !important}\n.wp-block-uagb-social-share .uagb-social-share__wrapper{text-decoration:none}.uagb-social-share__wrapper{box-shadow:none}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap:not(.uagb-social-share__no-label) .uagb-social-share__source-wrap{margin-right:15px}.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap.uagb-social-share__icon-at-top .uagb-social-share__source-wrap{-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;margin-top:5px}\n.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3a3a3a;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__link{padding: 10px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__link{padding: 10px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .wp-block-uagb-social-share-child {border-radius: 0px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-wrap{width: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-wrap svg{width: 30px;height: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-image{width: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124 .uagb-ss__source-icon{width: 30px;height: 30px;font-size: 30px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap{justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: center;-ms-flex-align: center;align-items: center;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-44317091.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #3b5998;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #55acee;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #55acee;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #55acee;}.uagb-block-df693e43.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #55acee;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-e0123642.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #bd081c;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link{color: #0077b5;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link{color: #0077b5;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater span.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #0077b5;}.uagb-block-23521e42.uagb-ss-repeater a.uagb-ss__link svg{fill: #0077b5;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap{justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: center;-ms-flex-align: center;align-items: center;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-vertical .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__layout-horizontal .uagb-ss__wrapper{margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px;}.uagb-block-015f0124.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap{justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: center;-ms-flex-align: center;align-items: center;}}.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap a.uagb-cta__block-link span,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta-typeof-button,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link,.uagb-cta__outer-wrap .uagb-cta-with-svg{display:inline-block}.uagb-cta__outer-wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .uagb-cta__buttons{display:inline-flex}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .ast-outline-button{fill:currentColor;justify-content:center}.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper,.uagb-cta-second__button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;word-break:keep-all;width:100%}.uagb-cta__title{padding:0;margin:0;display:block}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper{float:right}.uagb-cta__link-wrapper.uagb-cta__block-link-style:empty{display:none}a.uagb-cta__block-link,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link,a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap{text-decoration:none}a.uagb-cta__block-link:hover,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link:hover,a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap:hover,.entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap:hover .entry .entry-content a.uagb-cta__block-link:hover{color:inherit}.uagb-cta__content-right{text-align:right;justify-content:flex-end}.uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{width:100%;word-break:break-word}.uagb-cta__icon-position-below-title .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{display:block;min-width:100%;width:100%}.uagb-cta__icon-position-left .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap,.uagb-cta__icon-position-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{display:flex}.uagb-cta__icon-position-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{justify-content:flex-end}.uagb-cta__block-link-icon-after{margin-left:5px;margin-right:0}.uagb-cta__block-link-icon-before{margin-left:0;margin-right:5px}.uagb-cta__block-link-icon,.uagb-cta__block svg{transition:all 200ms linear}.uagb-cta__block{position:relative}.uagb-cta-typeof-button{line-height:1;text-align:center}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper,.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta-second__button .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link,.uagb-cta__content-right.uagb-cta__button-valign-middle .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{display:flex;align-items:center}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper,.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta-second__button .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link{justify-content:center}.uagb-cta__link-wrapper a{box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}.uagb-cta__block,.uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{z-index:1}.uagb-cta__block-link{cursor:pointer}.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__block-link{float:right;padding:10px 14px}a.uagb-cta__block-link-wrap{color:inherit}.uagb-cta__content p:empty{display:none}.uagb-cta__button-type-none .uagb-cta__content{width:100%}.uagb-cta-with-svg{height:14px;width:14px;line-height:14px;vertical-align:middle}.uagb-cta__block svg{display:block;height:inherit;width:inherit}.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper svg{width:20px;height:20px}.uagb-cta__align-button-after{margin-left:5px}.uagb-cta__align-button-before{margin-right:5px}.uagb-cta__block-link i{font-style:normal}a.uagb-cta__link-to-all{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:11}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action{position:relative}.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta__link-to-all{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:11}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px){.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper{float:none;margin:0 auto}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width:100% !important}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap{flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__button-wrapper{float:none;margin:0 auto}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content,.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile.uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width:100% !important}}.uagb-cta__desc p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}\n#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .uagb-cta__title{margin-bottom: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action .uagb-cta__desc{margin-bottom: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__align-button-after{margin-left: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__align-button-before{margin-right: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper > svg{margin-left: 10px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta-second__button > svg{margin-left: 10px;font-size: 14px;width: 14px;height: 14px;line-height: 14px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-wrap{text-align: left;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__wrap{width: 70%;text-align: left;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action{text-align: left;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{margin-left: 0px;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__buttons{column-gap: 15px;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {display: flex;justify-content: space-between;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__content{width: 70%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width: 30%;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper {align-self: center;height: fit-content;margin-left: auto;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {flex-direction: row;align-items: center;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button a.uagb-cta-second__button{align-self: center;height: fit-content;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button a.uagb-cta-second__button:hover{background-color: !important;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button a.uagb-cta-second__button:focus{background-color: !important;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__button-wrapper a.uagb-cta-typeof-button{color: #333;border-style: solid;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.wp-block-button .uagb-cta__buttons a.uagb-cta__button-link-wrapper.wp-block-button__link{border-style: solid;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action a.uagb-cta-second__button{text-transform: normal;text-decoration: none;font-size: 14px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet {display: inherit;}#uagb-cta-block-.uagb-cta__content-stacked-tablet .uagb-cta__wrap{width: 100%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width: 30%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__wrap{text-align: center;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {flex-direction: column;align-items: center;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile {display: inherit;}#uagb-cta-block-.uagb-cta__content-stacked-mobile .uagb-cta__wrap{width: 100%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__buttons{justify-content: center;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__content-right .uagb-cta__left-right-wrap .uagb-cta__link-wrapper{width: 30%;}#uagb-cta-block- .uagb-cta__wrap{text-align: center;}#uagb-cta-block-.wp-block-uagb-call-to-action {flex-direction: column;align-items: center;}}.uagb-icon-list__wrap{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{padding:0;transition:all 0.2s;display:inline-flex;color:#3a3a3a;align-items:center;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:none}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child span.uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{display:block;align-items:center}.uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{display:block}.uagb-icon-list__source-image{width:40px}.uagb-icon-list__outer-wrap .uagb-icon-list__content-wrap{color:#3a3a3a;display:flex;align-items:center}\n.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{position:relative}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child>a{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}img.uagb-icon-list__source-image{max-width:unset}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__label{word-break:break-word}\n.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-image{width: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{width: 16px;height: 16px;font-size: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{padding: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-width: 0px;align-self: center;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__label{text-decoration: !important;line-height: em;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__wrap{display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: flex-start;-ms-flex-align: flex-start;align-items: flex-start;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__label{text-align: left;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{text-decoration: !important;line-height: em;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a.wp-block-uagb-icon-list .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 10px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{margin-right: 15px;}.uagb-block-ddf54d80.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-ddf54d80.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child:hover .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-b45e4180.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-b45e4180.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child:hover .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-6962245c.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}.uagb-block-6962245c.wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child:hover .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{background: !important;border-color: !important;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-image{width: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{width: 16px;height: 16px;font-size: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap {padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;align-self: center;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__wrap{display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: flex-start;-ms-flex-align: flex-start;align-items: flex-start;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a.wp-block-uagb-icon-list .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 10px;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__source-image{width: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap svg{width: 16px;height: 16px;font-size: 16px;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child .uagb-icon-list__source-wrap{padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;align-self: center;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a .uagb-icon-list__wrap{display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-pack: center;-ms-flex-pack: center;-webkit-box-align: flex-start;-ms-flex-align: flex-start;align-items: flex-start;}.wp-block-uagb-icon-list.uagb-block-f606f41a.wp-block-uagb-icon-list .wp-block-uagb-icon-list-child{margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 10px;}}.wp-block-uagb-container{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;transition-property:box-shadow;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-timing-function:ease}.wp-block-uagb-container .spectra-container-link-overlay{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:10}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.alignfull.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-uagb-blockquote,.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-spectra-pro-login,.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-spectra-pro-register{margin:unset}.wp-block-uagb-container .uagb-container__video-wrap{height:100%;width:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:opacity 1s;-o-transition:opacity 1s;transition:opacity 1s}.wp-block-uagb-container .uagb-container__video-wrap video{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;line-height:1;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;background-size:cover}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid{display:grid;width:100%}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:inherit;width:inherit}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.uagb-is-root-container>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.alignwide.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.alignfull.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:inherit;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}body .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>*:not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-column):not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-section):not(.uagb-container__shape):not(.uagb-container__video-wrap):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-register):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-login):not(.uagb-slider-container):not(.spectra-image-gallery__control-lightbox):not(.wp-block-uagb-info-box),body .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap,body .wp-block-uagb-container>*:not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-column):not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-section):not(.uagb-container__shape):not(.uagb-container__video-wrap):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-register):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-login):not(.uagb-slider-container):not(.spectra-container-link-overlay):not(.spectra-image-gallery__control-lightbox):not(.wp-block-uagb-lottie):not(.uagb-faq__outer-wrap){min-width:unset !important;width:100%;position:relative}body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container>ul,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container ol,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>ul,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap ol{max-width:-webkit-fill-available;margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;margin-left:20px}.ast-plain-container .editor-styles-wrapper .block-editor-block-list__layout.is-root-container .uagb-is-root-container.wp-block-uagb-container.alignwide{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.uagb-container__shape{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;width:100%;line-height:0;direction:ltr}.uagb-container__shape-top{top:-3px}.uagb-container__shape-bottom{bottom:-3px}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__invert.uagb-container__shape-bottom,.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__invert.uagb-container__shape-top{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-flip svg{transform:translateX(-50%) rotateY(180deg)}.uagb-container__shape svg{display:block;width:-webkit-calc(100% + 1.3px);width:calc(100% + 1.3px);position:relative;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%)}.uagb-container__shape .uagb-container__shape-fill{-webkit-transform-origin:center;-ms-transform-origin:center;transform-origin:center;-webkit-transform:rotateY(0deg);transform:rotateY(0deg)}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-above-content{z-index:9;pointer-events:none}.nv-single-page-wrap .nv-content-wrap.entry-content .wp-block-uagb-container.alignfull{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw)}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading{width:-webkit-fill-available}}.wp-block-uagb-image--align-none{justify-content:center}\n.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape-top svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-top .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape-bottom svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-bottom .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6 .uagb-container__video-wrap video{opacity: 1;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-845e6da6{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-845e6da6 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1200px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;justify-content: center;flex-wrap: nowrap;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6{box-shadow: 0px 0px #00000070 ;padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;overflow: visible;order: initial;border-color: inherit;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-845e6da6{width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-845e6da6 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1024px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-845e6da6{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-845e6da6 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 767px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-wrap: wrap;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-845e6da6{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}.wp-block-uagb-icon svg{width:30px}.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{transition:box-shadow 0.2s ease}\n .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper{text-align: center;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper a{display: contents;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper svg{width: 40px;height: 40px;transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: content-box;fill: #333;filter: drop-shadow( 0px 0px 0px #00000070 );} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;padding-top: 5px;padding-right: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left: 5px;border-style: default;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:hover{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:focus-visible{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) { .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .uagb-block-2b67c985.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper{text-align: center;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper a{display: contents;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper svg{width: 40px;height: 40px;transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: content-box;fill: #333;filter: drop-shadow( 0px 0px 0px #00000070 );} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;padding-top: 5px;padding-right: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left: 5px;border-style: default;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:hover{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;} .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper:focus-visible{box-shadow: 0px 0px 0 #00000070 ;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) { .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .uagb-block-3c223d05.uagb-icon-wrapper .uagb-svg-wrapper{display: inline-flex;}}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape-top svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-top .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape-bottom svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-bottom .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 .uagb-container__video-wrap video{opacity: 1;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1200px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;justify-content: center;flex-wrap: nowrap;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{box-shadow: 0px 0px #00000070 ;padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;overflow: visible;order: initial;border-color: inherit;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 1024px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container.alignfull.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1 > .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{--inner-content-custom-width: min( 100%, 767px);max-width: var(--inner-content-custom-width);width: 100%;flex-wrap: wrap;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-e5b2e3b1{padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-left: 10px;padding-right: 10px;margin-top: !important;margin-bottom: !important;order: initial;}}\";s:2:\"js\";s:2041:\"document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function(){ var ssLinksParent = document.querySelector( '.uagb-block-015f0124' );\nssLinksParent?.addEventListener( 'keyup', function ( e ) {\nvar link = e.target.closest( '.uagb-ss__link' );\nif ( link && e.keyCode === 13 ) {\n\thandleSocialLinkClick( link );\n}\n});\n\nssLinksParent?.addEventListener( 'click', function ( e ) {\nvar link = e.target.closest( '.uagb-ss__link' );\nif ( link ) {\n\thandleSocialLinkClick( link );\n}\n});\n\nfunction handleSocialLinkClick( link ) {\nvar social_url = link.dataset.href;\nvar target = \"\";\nif ( social_url == \"mailto:?body=\" ) {\n\ttarget = \"_self\";\n}\nvar request_url = \"\";\nif ( social_url.indexOf(\"\/pin\/create\/link\/?url=\") !== -1 ) {\n\trequest_url = social_url + encodeURIComponent( window.location.href ) + \"&media=\" + 'https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design.webp';\n} else {\n\trequest_url = social_url + encodeURIComponent( window.location.href );\n}\nwindow.open( request_url, target );\n}\n\t\t\t\twindow.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', () => {\n\t\t\t\t\tconst blockScope = document.querySelector( '.uagb-block-2b67c985' );\n\t\t\t\t\tif ( ! blockScope ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\tconst anchorElement = blockScope.querySelector('a');\n\t\t\t\t\tif (!anchorElement) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t} \n\n\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\tblockScope.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( 13 === event.keyCode || 32 === event.keyCode ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tevent.preventDefault();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tanchorElement.click();\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', () => {\n\t\t\t\t\tconst blockScope = document.querySelector( '.uagb-block-3c223d05' );\n\t\t\t\t\tif ( ! blockScope ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\tconst anchorElement = blockScope.querySelector('a');\n\t\t\t\t\tif (!anchorElement) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t\t\t} \n\n\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\tblockScope.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( 13 === event.keyCode || 32 === event.keyCode ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tevent.preventDefault();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tanchorElement.click();\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t });\";s:18:\"current_block_list\";a:20:{i:0;s:14:\"core\/paragraph\";i:1;s:12:\"core\/heading\";i:2;s:10:\"core\/table\";i:3;s:11:\"core\/search\";i:4;s:10:\"core\/group\";i:5;s:17:\"core\/latest-posts\";i:6;s:20:\"core\/latest-comments\";i:7;s:13:\"core\/archives\";i:8;s:15:\"core\/categories\";i:9;s:10:\"core\/image\";i:10;s:10:\"core\/embed\";i:11;s:17:\"uagb\/social-share\";i:12;s:23:\"uagb\/social-share-child\";i:13;s:19:\"uagb\/call-to-action\";i:14;s:14:\"uagb\/icon-list\";i:15;s:20:\"uagb\/icon-list-child\";i:16;s:14:\"uagb\/container\";i:17;s:9:\"uagb\/icon\";i:18;s:17:\"core\/social-links\";i:19;s:16:\"core\/social-link\";}s:8:\"uag_flag\";b:1;s:11:\"uag_version\";s:10:\"1776063796\";s:6:\"gfonts\";a:0:{}s:10:\"gfonts_url\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"gfonts_files\";a:0:{}s:14:\"uag_faq_layout\";b:0;}"],"_elementor_page_assets":["a:0:{}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-4729.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-4729.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design.webp",675,483,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design-150x150.webp",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design-300x215.webp",300,215,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design.webp",675,483,false],"large":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design.webp",675,483,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design.webp",675,483,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design.webp",675,483,false],"trp-custom-language-flag":["https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/How-CTE-Affects-PCB-Reliability-and-Design-18x12.webp",18,12,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4729"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4731,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4729\/revisions\/4731"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}