{"id":4741,"date":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4741"},"modified":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","slug":"why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u1edf m\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn PCB l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00f4n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n. Ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng giao, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i th\u00eam, ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 giao h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i trong ng\u00e0nh. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-manufacturer\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1898\">S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB)<\/a> Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chi ph\u00ed. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch ng\u1eafn tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). T\u00f4i ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u1ee7a PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf PCB th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n theo t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. M\u1ea1ch h\u1edf do v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 (v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea5m laminate ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng (CCL) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CCL b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CCL b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi m\u0169i khoan trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CCL b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, khi x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t do x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khi c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng \u0111i qua m\u00e1y ngang, l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material.webp\" alt=\"Open circuits caused by exposed base material\" class=\"wp-image-4743\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kho, CCL nh\u1eadp kho ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1eadp kho (IQC). Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch xem c\u00f3 v\u1ebft tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 ra kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, h\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp CCL b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eaft, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1eaft. Khi l\u1edbp CCL c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9ng, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ecfng b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 ra. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u00e0n c\u1eaft k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00e0n c\u1eaft ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9ng, s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn n\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu CCL b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi m\u0169i khoan trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do collet b\u1ecb m\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea9n b\u00ean trong collet. M\u1ed9t collet b\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c m\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t m\u0169i khoan. M\u0169i khoan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n. Khi m\u00e1y di chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i khoan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u00e0o l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) Thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 k\u1eb9p theo s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c khi b\u1ed9 k\u1eb9p c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) V\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 k\u1eb9p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) Khi di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd k\u00e9o c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n thay v\u00ec nh\u1ea5c ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n xu\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra ma s\u00e1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng do x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau sau khi m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c sau khi m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ea3ng, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 va ch\u1ea1m xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ea3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i qua m\u00e1y ngang:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) B\u1ea3ng d\u1eebng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y m\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn. Khi t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n \u0111i qua, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Tr\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecdn. Khi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111i qua, \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecdn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ed9 ra l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n sau khi m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c khe h\u1edf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, th\u00ec l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00ean v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf\/ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1ch sau n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edf m\u1ea1ch. R\u1ee7i ro ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. M\u1ea1ch h\u1edf do thi\u1ebfu l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u1ea7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0i m\u00f2n vi m\u00f4 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1edbp m\u1ea1 k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u0169i khoan \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee5i l\u00e0m t\u1eafc l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ed7: N\u1ebfu c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ec3 ion palladium h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t: C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t bao g\u1ed3m palladium (Pd), axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ion stannous v\u00e0 clorua. \u0110\u1ec3 palladium l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i) Duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 35\u201344\u00b0C. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 palladium tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ii) Duy tr\u00ec n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh) trong kho\u1ea3ng 80%\u2013100%. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 palladium th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iii) Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, duy tr\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng, palladium tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c) Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c: Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t stannous v\u00e0 clorua b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ec3 kim lo\u1ea1i x\u00fac t\u00e1c palladium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed9 ra cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, h\u00e3y duy tr\u00ec n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t trong kho\u1ea3ng 0.35\u20130.50 N. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 palladium c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf stannous v\u00e0 clorua s\u1ebd k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>d) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 l\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i) Duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 25\u201332\u00b0C. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 s\u1ebd k\u00e9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 38\u00b0C, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh, ion \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n l\u1ecdc b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ii) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Cu\u00b2\u207a trong kho\u1ea3ng 1,5\u20133,0 g\/L. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Cu\u00b2\u207a qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 k\u00e9m v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3,5 g\/L, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n l\u1ecdc b\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Cu\u00b2\u207a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iii) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 NaOH trong kho\u1ea3ng 10,5\u201313,0 g\/L. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 NaOH qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 s\u1ebd k\u00e9m v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 NaOH ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n B. Dung d\u1ecbch B ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B l\u00e0 1:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iv) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t formaldehyde (HCHO) \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4,0\u20138,0 g\/L. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 HCHO th\u1ea5p, ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 k\u00e9m v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu HCHO v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 8,0 g\/L, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n l\u1ecdc b\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t HCHO ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n C. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch A c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n HCHO. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch A, c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng HCHO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>v) Duy tr\u00ec t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,15\u20130,25 ft\u00b2\/L. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 k\u00e9m v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,25 ft\u00b2\/L, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 nhanh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n l\u1ecdc b\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/pcb-manufacturer\/heavy-copper-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2140\">B\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/a> \u0110\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t: \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch A v\u00e0 B v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00e0ng \u01b0\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c m\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong l\u1ed7 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) Khi in l\u01b0\u1edbi phim \u01b0\u1edbt, in m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng r\u1ed3i c\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdng m\u1ef1c. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho phim \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Khi in l\u01b0\u1edbi phim \u01b0\u1edbt, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 68\u201377T. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1edbi sai, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u226451T, phim \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1, l\u1ed7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u00e1 cao, phim \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfng, v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1, l\u1edbp ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 b\u1edfi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n vi m\u00f4 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (l\u00e0m nh\u00e1m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c) g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) N\u1ebfu ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc vi m\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u1ea1 qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n vi m\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ec1n m\u1ea1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc vi m\u00f4. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0103n m\u00f2n vi m\u00f4. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) Khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung h\u00ecnh (\u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh) l\u1edbn (\u22655:1), b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong l\u1ed7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do rung \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. L\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfc t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khung h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn (\u22655:1), n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp oxy h\u00f3a tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1. L\u1ed7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfc t\u1ed1t, ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng\/thi\u1ebfc m\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ecfng trong l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u0169i khoan \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee5i l\u00e0m t\u1eafc l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) N\u1ebfu tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 khoan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c m\u0169i khoan b\u1ecb m\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng (c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng s\u1eafc b\u00e9n), th\u00ec ma s\u00e1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan s\u1ebd sinh nhi\u1ec7t. Th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 l\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00fat b\u1ee5i y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eafc c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 b\u1ecb t\u1eafc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Open and short circuits in PCB traces are problems that almost every PCB manufacturer meets almost every day. These problems [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4742,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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and short circuits in PCB traces are problems that almost every PCB manufacturer meets almost every day. These problems [&hellip;]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4741","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4741"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4741\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4744,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4741\/revisions\/4744"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4742"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4741"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4741"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4741"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}