Ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y Nitto s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p SMT. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Nitto Denko s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4-\u0111un, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, an to\u00e0n, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0n s\u00f3ng, nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Khi v\u00f2i phun h\u01b0\u1edbng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB), ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n s\u1ebd lan t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. Tia phun c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00e1m d\u00ednh v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 phun d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh b\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng gang d\u00e0y 10 mm gi\u00fap t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 khi b\u1ecb gia nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Gang ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u than ch\u00ec. Than ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft d\u00ednh t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n cho b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 oxy h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn, c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n d\u1ea1ng chip ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. C\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n chip, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m chip, b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn chip, \u0111i\u1ed1t, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 SMT, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u linh ki\u1ec7n SMC v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb SMD ra \u0111\u1eddi. Quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i<\/em>) l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f4i s\u1eb5n l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB). Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n tr\u00ean PCB. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i (reflow) gi\u00fap g\u1eafn c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n. Ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n SMD. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng b\u00ean trong m\u00e1y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng gia nhi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. C\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u00e0n bay h\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0n th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u00e0n m\u1ec1m ra v\u00e0 x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho oxy ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Khi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t l\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Khi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng nhanh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u00e0n tan ch\u1ea3y. Ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n l\u1ecfng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n c\u1eafm. Ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1m d\u00ednh v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. B\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. C\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia nhi\u1ec7t. Nit\u01a1 n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0n tan ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (PCB).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: g\u1eafn m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 g\u1eafn hai m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. L\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t: b\u00f4i keo h\u00e0n \u2192 \u0111\u1eb7t linh ki\u1ec7n (b\u1eb1ng tay ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y) \u2192 h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u2192 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. L\u1eafp r\u00e1p hai m\u1eb7t: M\u1eb7t A: b\u00f4i keo h\u00e0n \u2192 l\u1eafp linh ki\u1ec7n \u2192 nung ch\u1ea3y \u2192 M\u1eb7t B: b\u00f4i keo h\u00e0n \u2192 l\u1eafp linh ki\u1ec7n \u2192 nung ch\u1ea3y \u2192 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: \u201cin l\u01b0\u1edbi keo h\u00e0n \u2192 l\u1eafp linh ki\u1ec7n \u2192 nung l\u1ea1i.\u201d Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh in l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t (PPM) c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y l\u1eafp linh ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Short overview The main difference between reflow soldering and wave soldering is this: reflow soldering is used for boards that 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<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nB\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00f2 h\u00e0n s\u00f3ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1) Phun th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in (v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
2) M\u00e1y h\u00e0n s\u00f3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
3) C\u00e1c k\u00eanh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u1edbi v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00f2i phun m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
4) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t v\u00e0 k\u00eanh d\u1eabn d\u00f2ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap s\u00f3ng h\u00e0n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\n1. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n2. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y (k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n3. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\n4. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\n5. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\n6. Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i nung<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n7. C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec m\u00e1y h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\n8. L\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y h\u00e0n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nT\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n